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  • 1
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    The representative COVID-19 cohort Munich (KoCo19): from the beginning of the pandemic to the Delta virus variant
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  BMC Infectious Diseases Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2023-07-13)
    Details
    In: BMC Infectious Diseases, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2023-07-13)
    Abstract: Population-based serological studies allow to estimate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections despite a substantial number of mild or asymptomatic disease courses. This became even more relevant for decision making after vaccination started. The KoCo19 cohort tracks the pandemic progress in the Munich general population for over two years, setting it apart in Europe. Methods Recruitment occurred during the initial pandemic wave, including 5313 participants above 13 years from private households in Munich. Four follow-ups were held at crucial times of the pandemic, with response rates of at least 70%. Participants filled questionnaires on socio-demographics and potential risk factors of infection. From Follow-up 2, information on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was added. SARS-CoV-2 antibody status was measured using the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-N assay (indicating previous infection) and the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S assay (indicating previous infection and/or vaccination). This allowed us to distinguish between sources of acquired antibodies. Results The SARS-CoV-2 estimated cumulative sero-prevalence increased from 1.6% (1.1-2.1%) in May 2020 to 14.5% (12.7-16.2%) in November 2021. Underreporting with respect to official numbers fluctuated with testing policies and capacities, becoming a factor of more than two during the second half of 2021. Simultaneously, the vaccination campaign against the SARS-CoV-2 virus increased the percentage of the Munich population having antibodies, with 86.8% (85.5-87.9%) having developed anti-S and/or anti-N in November 2021. Incidence rates for infections after (BTI) and without previous vaccination (INS) differed (ratio INS/BTI of 2.1, 0.7-3.6). However, the prevalence of infections was higher in the non-vaccinated population than in the vaccinated one. Considering the whole follow-up time, being born outside Germany, working in a high-risk job and living area per inhabitant were identified as risk factors for infection, while other socio-demographic and health-related variables were not. Although we obtained significant within-household clustering of SARS-CoV-2 cases, no further geospatial clustering was found. Conclusions Vaccination increased the coverage of the Munich population presenting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but breakthrough infections contribute to community spread. As underreporting stays relevant over time, infections can go undetected, so non-pharmaceutical measures are crucial, particularly for highly contagious strains like Omicron.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1471-2334
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08435-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2041550-3
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  • 2
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    Incidence and Determinants of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections After Booster Dose in a Large European Multicentric Cohort of Health Workers-ORCHESTRA Project
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-07-22), p. 577-588
    Details
    In: Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-07-22), p. 577-588
    Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (BI) after vaccine booster dose are a relevant public health issue. Methods Multicentric longitudinal cohort study within the ORCHESTRA project, involving 63,516 health workers (HW) from 14 European settings. The study investigated the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 BI after booster dose and its correlation with age, sex, job title, previous infection, and time since third dose. Results 13,093 (20.6%) BI were observed. The cumulative incidence of BI was higher in women and in HW aged  〈  50 years, but nearly halved after 60 years. Nurses experienced the highest BI incidence, and administrative staff experienced the lowest. The BI incidence was higher in immunosuppressed HW (28.6%) vs others (24.9%). When controlling for gender, age, job title and infection before booster, heterologous vaccination reduced BI incidence with respect to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine [Odds Ratio (OR) 0.69, 95% CI 0.63–0.76] . Previous infection protected against asymptomatic infection [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) of recent infection vs no infection 0.53, 95% CI 0.23–1.20] and even more against symptomatic infections [RRR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05–0.25] . Symptomatic infections increased from 70.5% in HW receiving the booster dose since  〈  64 days to 86.2% when time elapsed was  〉  130 days. Conclusions The risk of BI after booster is significantly reduced by previous infection, heterologous vaccination, and older ages. Immunosuppression is relevant for increased BI incidence. Time elapsed from booster affects BI severity, confirming the public health usefulness of booster. Further research should focus on BI trend after 4th dose and its relationship with time variables across the epidemics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2210-6014
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00139-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2645324-1
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  • 3
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    Enhanced Spike-specific, but attenuated Nucleocapsid-specific T cell responses upon SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough versus non-breakthrough infections
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 13 ( 2022-12-13)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 13 ( 2022-12-13)
    Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections frequently occurred even before the emergence of Omicron variants. Yet, relatively little is known about the impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and antibody response dynamics upon breakthrough infection. We have therefore studied the dynamics of CD4 and CD8 T cells targeting the vaccine-encoded Spike and the non-encoded Nucleocapsid antigens during breakthrough infections (BTI, n=24) and in unvaccinated control infections (non-BTI, n=30). Subjects with vaccine breakthrough infection had significantly higher CD4 and CD8 T cell responses targeting the vaccine-encoded Spike during the first and third/fourth week after PCR diagnosis compared to non-vaccinated controls, respectively. In contrast, CD4 T cells targeting the non-vaccine encoded Nucleocapsid antigen were of significantly lower magnitude in BTI as compared to non-BTI. Hence, previous vaccination was linked to enhanced T cell responses targeting the vaccine-encoded Spike antigen, while responses against the non-vaccine encoded Nucleocapsid antigen were significantly attenuated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-3224
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026473
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606827-8
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  • 4
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    Studying temporal titre evolution of commercial SARS-CoV-2 assays reveals significant shortcomings of using BAU standardization for comparison
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Virology Journal Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2023-09-01)
    Details
    In: Virology Journal, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2023-09-01)
    Abstract: Measuring specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies has become one of the main epidemiological tools to survey the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but also vaccination response. The WHO made available a set of well-characterized samples derived from recovered individuals to allow normalization between different quantitative anti-Spike assays to defined Binding Antibody Units (BAU). Methods To assess sero-responses longitudinally, a cohort of ninety-nine SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive subjects was followed up together with forty-five vaccinees without previous infection but with two vaccinations. Sero-responses were evaluated using a total of six different assays: four measuring anti-Spike proteins (converted to BAU), one measuring anti-Nucleocapsid proteins and one SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization. Both cohorts were evaluated using the Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA anti-S1 IgG and the Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 assay. Results In SARS-CoV-2-convalesce subjects, the BAU-sero-responses of Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA anti-S1 IgG and Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 peaked both at 47 (43–51) days, the first assay followed by a slow decay thereafter ( 〉  208 days), while the second assay not presenting any decay within one year. Both assay values in BAUs are only equivalent a few months after infection, elsewhere correction factors up to 10 are necessary. In contrast, in infection-naive vaccinees the assays perform similarly. Conclusion The results of our study suggest that the establishment of a protective correlate or vaccination booster recommendation based on different assays, although BAU-standardised, is still challenging. At the moment the characteristics of the available assays used are not related, and the BAU-standardisation is unable to correct for that.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1743-422X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02167-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2160640-7
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    The Prospective COVID-19 Post-Immunization Serological Cohort in Munich (KoCo-Impf): Risk Factors and Determinants of Immune Response in Healthcare Workers
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2023-07-18), p. 1574-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2023-07-18), p. 1574-
    Abstract: Antibody studies analyze immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection, which is crucial for selecting vaccination strategies. In the KoCo-Impf study, conducted between 16 June and 16 December 2021, 6088 participants aged 18 and above from Munich were recruited to monitor antibodies, particularly in healthcare workers (HCWs) at higher risk of infection. Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays on dried blood spots were used to detect prior infections (anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies) and to indicate combinations of vaccinations/infections (anti-Spike antibodies). The anti-Spike seroprevalence was 94.7%, whereas, for anti-Nucleocapsid, it was only 6.9%. HCW status and contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were identified as infection risk factors, while vaccination and current smoking were associated with reduced risk. Older age correlated with higher anti-Nucleocapsid antibody levels, while vaccination and current smoking decreased the response. Vaccination alone or combined with infection led to higher anti-Spike antibody levels. Increasing time since the second vaccination, advancing age, and current smoking reduced the anti-Spike response. The cumulative number of cases in Munich affected the anti-Spike response over time but had no impact on anti-Nucleocapsid antibody development/seropositivity. Due to the significantly higher infection risk faced by HCWs and the limited number of significant risk factors, it is suggested that all HCWs require protection regardless of individual traits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15071574
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Impact of Omicron Variant Infection on Assessment of Spike-Specific Immune Responses Using the EUROIMMUN Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 Assay and Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 1024-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 1024-
    Abstract: The currently prevailing variants of SARS-CoV-2 are subvariants of the Omicron variant. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of mutations in the Spike protein of Omicron on the results Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 assays and Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1. Omicron infected subjects ((n = 37), vaccinated (n = 20) and unvaccinated (n = 17)) were recruited approximately 3 weeks after a positive PCR test. The Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 assays (EUROIMMUN) using Wuhan and the Omicron adapted antigen assay and a serological test (Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1) were performed. Using the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 IGRA TUBE, in 19 of 21 tested Omicron infected subjects, a positive IFNy response was detected, while 2 non-vaccinated but infected subjects did not respond. The Omicron adapted antigen tube resulted in comparable results. In contrast, the serological assay detected a factor 100-fold lower median Spike-specific RBD antibody concentration in non-vaccinated Omicron infected patients (n = 12) compared to patients from the pre Omicron era (n = 12) at matched time points, and eight individuals remained below the detection threshold for positivity. For vaccinated subjects, the Roche assay detected antibodies in all subjects and showed a 400 times higher median specific antibody concentration compared to non-vaccinated infected subjects in the pre-Omicron era. Our results suggest that Omicron antigen adapted IGRA stimulator tubes did not improve detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in the Quant-T-Cell-SARS-CoV-2 assay. In non-vaccinated Omicron infected individuals, the Wuhan based Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 serological assay results in many negative results at 3 weeks after diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061024
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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