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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 34, No. 8 ( 2021-04), p. 2923-2939
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 34, No. 8 ( 2021-04), p. 2923-2939
    Abstract: The NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (SST), version 2.0, dataset (DOISST v2.0) is a blend of in situ ship and buoy SSTs with satellite SSTs derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). DOISST v2.0 exhibited a cold bias in the Indian, South Pacific, and South Atlantic Oceans that is due to a lack of ingested drifting-buoy SSTs in the system, which resulted from a gradual data format change from the traditional alphanumeric codes (TAC) to the binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data (BUFR). The cold bias against Argo was about −0.14°C on global average and −0.28°C in the Indian Ocean from January 2016 to August 2019. We explored the reasons for these cold biases through six progressive experiments. These experiments showed that the cold biases can be effectively reduced by adjusting ship SSTs with available buoy SSTs, using the latest available ICOADS R3.0.2 derived from merging BUFR and TAC, as well as by including Argo observations above 5-m depth. The impact of using the satellite MetOp-B instead of NOAA-19 was notable for high-latitude oceans but small on global average, since their biases are adjusted using in situ SSTs. In addition, the warm SSTs in the Arctic were improved by applying a freezing point instead of regressed ice-SST proxy. This paper describes an upgraded version, DOISST v2.1, which addresses biases in v2.0. Overall, by updating v2.0 to v2.1, the biases are reduced to −0.07° and −0.14°C in the global ocean and Indian Ocean, respectively, when compared with independent Argo observations and are reduced to −0.04° and −0.08°C in the global ocean and Indian Ocean, respectively, when compared with dependent Argo observations. The difference against the Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST) Multiproduct Ensemble (GMPE) product is reduced from −0.09° to −0.01°C in the global oceans and from −0.20° to −0.04°C in the Indian Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 12
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    Blending TAC and BUFR Marine In Situ Data for ICOADS Near-Real-Time Release 3.0.2
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Vol. 39, No. 12 ( 2022-12), p. 1943-1959
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 39, No. 12 ( 2022-12), p. 1943-1959
    Abstract: This paper describes the new International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) near-real-time (NRT) release (R3.0.2), with greatly enhanced completeness over the previous version (R3.0.1). R3.0.1 had been operationally produced monthly from January 2015 onward, with input data from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Telecommunication Systems (GTS) transmissions in the Traditional Alphanumeric Codes (TAC) format. Since the release of R3.0.1, however, many observing platforms have changed, or are in the process of transitioning, to the Binary Universal Form for Representation of Meteorological Data (BUFR) format. R3.0.2 combines input data from both BUFR and TAC formats. In this paper, we describe input data sources; the BUFR decoding process for observations from drifting buoys, moored buoys, and ships; and the data quality control of the TAC and BUFR data streams. We also describe how the TAC and BUFR streams were merged to upgrade R3.0.1 into R3.0.2 with duplicates removed. Finally, we compare the number of reports and spatial coverage of essential climate variables (ECVs) between R3.0.1 and R3.0.2. ICOADS NRT R3.0.2 shows both quantitative and qualitative gains from the inclusion of BUFR reports. The number of observations in R3.0.2 increased by nearly 1 million reports per month, and the coverage of buoy and ship sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on monthly 2° × 2° grids increased by 20%. The number of reported ECVs also increased in R3.0.2. For example, observations of SST and sea level pressure (SLP) increased by around 30% and 20%, respectively, as compared to R3.0.1, and salinity is a new addition to the ICOADS NRT product in R3.0.2. Significance Statement The International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) is the largest collection of surface marine observations spanning from 1662 to the present. A new version, ICOADS near-real-time 3.0.2, includes data transmitted in the Binary Universal Form for Representation of Meteorological Data (BUFR) format, in combination with Traditional Alphanumeric Codes (TAC) data. Many of the organizations that report observations in near–real time have moved to BUFR, so this update brings ICOADS into alignment with collections and archives of these international data distributions. By including the BUFR reports, the number of observations in the upgraded version of ICOADS increased by nearly one million reports per month and spatial coverage of buoy and ship SSTs increased by 20% over the previous version.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0739-0572 , 1520-0426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0182.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 13
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    A new merge of global surface temperature datasets since the start of the 20th century
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2019-11-06), p. 1629-1643
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2019-11-06), p. 1629-1643
    Abstract: Abstract. Global surface temperature (ST) datasets are the foundation for global climate change research. Several global ST datasets have been developed by different groups in NOAA NCEI, NASA GISS, UK Met Office Hadley Centre & UEA CRU, and Berkeley Earth. In this study, a new global ST dataset named China Merged Surface Temperature (CMST) was presented. CMST is created by merging the China-Land Surface Air Temperature (C-LSAT1.3) with sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5). The merge of C-LSAT and ERSSTv5 shows a high spatial coverage extended to the high latitudes and is more consistent with a reference of multi-dataset averages in the polar regions. Comparisons indicated that CMST is consistent with other existing global ST datasets in interannual and decadal variations and long-term trends at global, hemispheric, and regional scales from 1900 to 2017. The CMST dataset can be used for global climate change assessment, monitoring, and detection. The CMST dataset presented here is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.901295 (Li, 2019a) and has been published on the Climate Explorer website of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) at http://climexp.knmi.nl/select.cgi?id=someone@somewhere&field=cmst (last access: 11 August 2018; Li, 2019b, c).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-1629-2019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 14
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    Observing Requirements for Long-Term Climate Records at the Ocean Surface
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2019
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 6 ( 2019-7-30)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 6 ( 2019-7-30)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00441
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 15
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    Mixed layer heat budget of the El Niño in NCEP climate forecast system
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2012
    In:  Climate Dynamics Vol. 39, No. 1-2 ( 2012-7), p. 365-381
    Details
    In: Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 39, No. 1-2 ( 2012-7), p. 365-381
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0930-7575 , 1432-0894
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-011-1111-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2012
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 16
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    How much of monthly mean precipitation variability over global land is associated with SST anomalies?
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Climate Dynamics Vol. 54, No. 1-2 ( 2020-01), p. 701-712
    Details
    In: Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 54, No. 1-2 ( 2020-01), p. 701-712
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0930-7575 , 1432-0894
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-019-05023-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471747-5
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 17
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    Pacific subtropical‐tropical thermocline water exchange in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ocean model
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 104, No. C5 ( 1999-05-15), p. 11065-11076
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. C5 ( 1999-05-15), p. 11065-11076
    Abstract: Pacific subtropical‐tropical thermocline water exchange is estimated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction oceanic general circulation model in which observed temperatures are assimilated. In the main thermocline (23 〈 σ t 〈 26.2), the equatorward exchange transports are about 17 Sv (1 Sv = 10 6 m 3 s −1 ) and 26 Sv at 10°N and 10°S, respectively. Consistent with observations and other model simulations, the water exchange has a Low‐Latitude Western Boundary Current (LLWBC) pathway and an interior pathway. The equatorward LLWBC and interior transports are about 14 and 3 Sv, respectively, at 10°N and are about 15 and 11 Sv, respectively, at 10°S. The time required for subtropical water to penetrate into the equatorial ocean is usually less than 10 years. Exchange windows are also identified in both the North and South Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JC900024
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 18
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    AMOC variations in 1979–2008 simulated by NCEP operational ocean data assimilation system
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2012
    In:  Climate Dynamics Vol. 38, No. 3-4 ( 2012-2), p. 513-525
    Details
    In: Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 38, No. 3-4 ( 2012-2), p. 513-525
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0930-7575 , 1432-0894
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-011-1035-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2012
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471747-5
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 19
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    An OGCM simulation of seasonal and interannual variabilities in the surface–layer pacific of the equatorial band
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2002
    In:  Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2002-3), p. 219-235
    Details
    In: Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2002-3), p. 219-235
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0256-1530 , 1861-9533
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00376-002-0018-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2228064-9
    SSG: 6,25
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 20
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    Oceanic Responses to the Winter Storm Outbreak of February 2021 in the Gulf of Mexico from In Situ and Satellite Observations
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 12 ( 2023-06-07), p. 2967-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 12 ( 2023-06-07), p. 2967-
    Abstract: Winter storms occur in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) every few years, but there are not many studies on oceanic responses to severe winter storms. Although usually considered less destructive than hurricanes, they can result in cumulative damages. Winter Storm Outbreak of February 2021 (WSO21), the most intense winter storm to impact Texas and the GoM in 30 years, passed over the western GoM and brought severe cold to the GoM coastal regions, which caused a sudden cooling of the ocean surface, resulting in an extensive loss of marine life. In this study, we analyze multiple datasets from both in situ and satellite observations to examine the oceanic changes due to WSO21 in order to improve our understanding of oceanic responses to winter storms. Although the pre-storm sea surface temperature (SST) was 1–2 °C warmer than normal, severe coastal cold spells caused a significant cooling of the order of −3 °C to −5 °C during WSO21 and a −1 °C average cooling in the mixed layer (ML) over the western GoM. Net surface heat loss played a primary role in the upper ocean cooling during WSO21 and explained more than 50% of the cooling that occurred. Convective mixing due to surface cooling and turbulent mixing induced by enhanced wind speeds significantly increase the surface ML in the western GoM. Apart from rapid changes in SST and heat fluxes due to air-sea interactions, persistent upwelling brings nutrients to the surface and can produce coastal “winter” blooms along the Texas and Mexico coast. Prominent salinity increases along the coastal regions during and after WSO21 were another indicator of wind-induced coastal upwelling. Our study demonstrates the utility of publicly-available datasets for studying the impact of winter storms on the ocean surface.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15122967
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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