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  • 1
    In: Analytical Cellular Pathology, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2022 ( 2022-8-8), p. 1-15
    Abstract: Progesterone receptor (PR) is a member of the nuclear/steroid hormone receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors. It plays an important role in reproduction and mammary gland development and has various tissue-specific effects in nonreproductive organs. In diagnostic pathology, positive PR immunostaining is used to support a diagnosis of breast or gynecologic origin in a tumor. In this study, the expression of PR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 18,176 (interpretable: 16,445) samples from 147 different tumor types and subtypes in a tissue microarray format. PR immunostaining was detected in 57.4% of breast tumors, 28.6% of other gynecological tumors, and 1.8% of nongynecological and nonmammary tumors. Among the group of nongynecological and nonmammary tumors, particularly high rates of PR positivity were seen in neuroendocrine tumors (54.3%) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (35.7%) of the pancreas. A comparison with clinico-pathological parameters showed that reduced PR immunostaining was significantly associated with adverse histopathological and clinical features in breast carcinoma, endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In summary, our analysis of 147 different tumor types for PR immunostaining provides a ranking list of tumor entities according to their prevalence of PR positivity, helps to better understand the diagnostic utility of PR, and highlights the distinct PR positivity among neuroendocrine neoplasms of pancreatic origin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2210-7185 , 2210-7177
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 2
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-12-14), p. 2351-
    Abstract: Arginase-1 catalyzes the conversion of arginine to ornithine and urea. Because of its predominant expression in hepatocytes, it serves as a marker for hepatocellular carcinoma, although other tumor entities can also express arginase-1. To comprehensively determine arginase-1 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, tissue microarrays containing 14,912 samples from 117 different tumor types and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In normal tissues, arginase-1 was expressed in the liver, the granular layer of the epidermis, and in granulocytes. Among tumors, a nuclear and cytoplasmic arginase-1 immunostaining was predominantly observed in hepatocellular carcinoma, where 96% of 49 cancers were at least moderately positive. Although 22 additional tumor categories showed occasional arginase immunostaining, strong staining was exceedingly rare in these entities. Staining of a few tumor cells was observed in squamous cell carcinomas of various sites. Staining typically involved maturing cells with the beginning of keratinization in these tumors and was significantly associated with a low grade in 635 squamous cell carcinomas of various sites (p = 0.003). Teratoma, urothelial carcinoma and pleomorphic adenomas sometimes also showed arginase expression in areas with squamous differentiation. In summary, arginase-1 immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for hepatocellular carcinoma if weak and focal staining is disregarded.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 3
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-17), p. 2516-
    Abstract: Uroplakin 3B (Upk3b) is involved in stabilizing and strengthening the urothelial cell layer of the bladder. Based on RNA expression studies, Upk3b is expressed in a limited number of normal and tumor tissues. The potential use of Upk3b as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in tumor diagnosis has not yet been extensively investigated. A tissue microarray containing 17,693 samples from 151 different tumor types/subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In normal tissues, Upk3b expression was largely limited to mesothelial cells, urothelial umbrella cells, and amnion cells. In tumor tissues, Upk3b was detectable in only 17 of 151 (11.3%) of tumor types. Upk3b expression was most frequent in mesotheliomas (82.1% of epithelioid and 30.8% of biphasic) and in urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder, where the positivity rate decreased from 61.9% in pTaG2 (low grade) to 58.0% in pTaG3 (high grade) and 14.6% in pT2-4 cancers. Among pT2-4 urothelial carcinomas, Upk3b staining was unrelated to tumor stage, lymph node status, and patient prognosis. Less commonly, Upk3b expression was also seen in Brenner tumors of the ovary (10.8%), as well as in four other subtypes of ovarian cancer (0.9–10.6%). Four additional tumor entities showed a weak to moderate Upk3b positivity in less than 5% of cases. In summary, Upk3b immunohistochemistry is a useful diagnostic tool for the distinction of mesotheliomas from other thoracic tumors and the visualization of normal mesothelial and umbrella cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    In: Biomarker Research, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: The E-Cadherin gene ( CDH1, Cadherin 1 ), located at 16q22.1 encodes for a calcium-dependent membranous glycoprotein with an important role in cellular adhesion and polarity maintenance. Methods To systematically determine E-Cadherin protein expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 14,637 tumor samples from 112 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Results E-Cadherin was strongly expressed in normal epithelial cells of most organs. From 77 tumor entities derived from cell types normally positive for E-Cadherin, 35 (45.5%) retained at least a weak E-Cadherin immunostaining in ≥99% of cases and 61 (79.2%) in ≥90% of cases. Tumors with the highest rates of E-Cadherin loss included Merkel cell carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, lobular carcinoma of the breast, and sarcomatoid and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Reduced E-Cadherin expression was linked to higher grade ( p  = 0.0009), triple negative receptor status ( p  = 0.0336), and poor prognosis ( p  = 0.0466) in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, triple negative receptor status in lobular carcinoma of the breast ( p  = 0.0454), advanced pT stage ( p  = 0.0047) and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer ( p   〈  0.0001), and was more common in recurrent than in primary prostate cancer ( p   〈  0.0001). Of 29 tumor entities derived from E-Cadherin negative normal tissues, a weak to strong E-Cadherin staining could be detected in at least 10% of cases in 15 different tumor entities (51.7%). Tumors with the highest frequency of E-Cadherin upregulation included various subtypes of testicular germ cell tumors and renal cell carcinomas (RCC). E-Cadherin upregulation was more commonly seen in malignant than in benign soft tissue tumors ( p  = 0.0104) and was associated with advanced tumor stage ( p  = 0.0276) and higher grade ( p  = 0.0035) in clear cell RCC, and linked to advanced tumor stage ( p  = 0.0424) and poor prognosis in papillary RCC ( p  ≤ 0.05). Conclusion E-Cadherin is consistently expressed in various epithelial cancers. Down-regulation or loss of E-Cadherin expression in cancers arising from E-Cadherin positive tissues as well as E-Cadherin neo-expression in cancers arising from E-Cadherin negative tissues is linked to cancer progression and may reflect tumor dedifferentiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2050-7771
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
    In: PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 17, No. 7 ( 2022-7-21), p. e0262877-
    Abstract: p16 (CDKN2A) is a member of the INK4 class of cell cycle inhibitors, which is often dysregulated in cancer. However, the prevalence of p16 expression in different cancer types is controversial. 15,783 samples from 124 different tumor types and 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. p16 was detectable in 5,292 (45.0%) of 11,759 interpretable tumors. Except from adenohypophysis in islets of Langerhans, p16 staining was largely absent in normal tissues. In cancer, highest positivity rates were observed in uterine cervix squamous cell carcinomas (94.4%), non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, pTaG2 (100%), Merkel cell carcinoma (97.7%), and small cell carcinomas of various sites of origin (54.5%-100%). All 124 tumor categories showed at least occasional p16 immunostaining. Comparison with clinico-pathological data in 128 vulvar, 149 endometrial, 295 serous ovarian, 396 pancreatic, 1365 colorectal, 284 gastric, and 1245 urinary bladder cancers, 910 breast carcinomas, 620 clear cell renal cell carcinomas, and 414 testicular germ cell tumors revealed only few statistically significant associations. Comparison of human papilloma virus (HPV) status and p16 in 497 squamous cell carcinomas of different organs revealed HPV in 80.4% of p16 positive and in 20.6% of p16 negative cancers (p 〈 0.0001). It is concluded, that a positive and especially strong p16 immunostaining is a feature for malignancy which may be diagnostically useful in lipomatous, urothelial and possibly other tumors. The imperfect association between p16 immunostaining and HPV infection with high variability between different sites of origin challenges the use of p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for HPV positivity, except in tumors of cervix uteri and the penis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
    In: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 555 ( 2022-09), p. 111726-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0303-7207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
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    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    In: Molecular Medicine, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) is an intermediate filament protein of the cytokeratin acidic type I group and is primarily expressed in single-layered or “simple” epithelial tissues and carcinomas of different origin. Methods To systematically determine CK18 expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 11,952 tumor samples from 115 different tumor types and subtypes (including carcinomas, mesenchymal and biphasic tumors) as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Results CK18 was expressed in normal epithelial cells of most organs but absent in normal squamous epithelium. At least an occasional weak CK18 positivity was seen in 90 of 115 (78.3%) tumor types. Wide-spread CK18 positivity was seen in 37 (31.9%) of tumor entities, including adenocarcinomas of the lung, prostate, colon and pancreas as well as ovarian cancer. Tumor categories with variable CK18 immunostaining included cancer types arising from CK18 positive precursor cells but show CK18 downregulation in a fraction of cases, tumor types arising from CK18 negative precursor cells occasionally exhibiting CK18 neo-expression, tumors derived from normal tissues with variable CK18 expression, and tumors with a mixed differentiation. CK18 downregulation was for example seen in renal cell cancers and breast cancers, whereas CK18 neo-expression was found in squamous cell carcinomas of various origins. Down-regulation of CK18 in invasive breast carcinomas of no special type and clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) was related to adverse tumor features in both tumors (p ≤ 0.0001) and poor patient prognosis in ccRCC (p = 0.0088). Up-regulation of CK18 in squamous cell carcinomas was linked to high grade and lymph node metastasis (p  〈  0.05). In summary, CK18 is consistently expressed in various epithelial cancers, especially adenocarcinomas. Conclusions Down-regulation or loss of CK18 expression in cancers arising from CK18 positive tissues as well as CK18 neo-expression in cancers originating from CK18 negative tissues is linked to cancer progression and may reflect tumor dedifferentiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1076-1551 , 1528-3658
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 8
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 83, No. 7_Supplement ( 2023-04-04), p. 2212-2212
    Abstract: The ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), also termed protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) is an important component of the ubiquitination/deubiquitination system and plays a role in the posttranslational modification of proteins including protein degradation, relocation and change of function. Altered PGP9.5 expression has been suggested to play a role for resistance to chemotherapy, metastasis, and patient prognosis in several tumor entities. To comprehensively determine PGP9.5 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, a tissue microarray containing 14,913 samples from 148 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PGP9.5 immunostaining was found in 2,667 of 11,062 analyzed tumors and considered weak in 9.8%, moderate in 5.8% and strong in 8.5% of tumors. 113 of 148 tumor categories showed at least one positive case, and 90 of these tumor categories contained at least one case with strong PGP9.5 staining. PGP9.5 positivity was most seen in various types of neuronal and neuroendocrine neoplasms (71.1-100%), germ cell neoplasms of the testis (82.1%), and in mesotheliomas (74%). PGP9 positivity was seen in 14.2% of 606 clear cell and in 45.4% of 255 papillary renal cell carcinomas (RCC). In clear cell RCC, strong PGP9.5 staining was associated with high ISUP grade (p & lt;0.0001), pT stage (p=0.0012), nodal (p=0.038) and distant metastasis (p & lt;0.0001) as well as with a shortened overall, tumor specific and recurrence free survival (p & lt;0.0001 each). In papillary RCC, strong PGP9.5 staining was significantly associated with high ISUP grade (p=0.009), advanced UICC stage (p=0.015), and shortened recurrence free survival (p & lt;0.0001). In urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, high PGP9.5 expression was associated with muscle-invasion (p & lt;0.0001) but PGP9.5 immunostaining was unrelated to prognosis in pT2-4 carcinomas. In a joint analysis of 527 squamous cell carcinomas from 11 different sites of origin, PGP9.5 positivity was associated with high tumor grade (p=0.0021). PGP9.5 immunostaining was unrelated to pT and pN status in 207 serous high-grade and 82 endometrioid ovarian carcinoma, in 221 endometrioid endometrium cancer as well as in 292 papillary and in 89 follicular thyroid carcinomas. In ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and in 356 gastric adenocarcinomas, PGP9.5 staining was unrelated to grade, pT and pN stage. Our data provide an overview on prevalence of PGP9.5 expression in cancer. PGP9.5 expression occurs commonly in many different tumor entities. PGP9.5 overexpression is strikingly linked to patient outcome in some tumor entities (i.e. clear cell RCC) but appears to be unrelated to unfavorable tumor characteristics in various other important tumor entities (i.e. gastric, pancreatic, ovarian cancer). Citation Format: Sekander Scherzai, Maximilian Lennartz, Frank Jacobsen, Florian Viehweger, David Dum, Anne Menz, Ria Uhlig, Andrea Hinsch, Doris Hoeflmayer, Christoph Fraune, Christian Bernreuther, Patrick Lebok, Soeren Weidemann, Guido Sauter, Till Sebastian Clauditz, Till Krech, Andreas H Marx, Ronald Simon, Stefan Steurer, Eike Burandt, Natalia Gorbokon, Sarah Minner. Prevalence of PGP9.5 expression in human cancers: A TMA study of 14,900 tumors from 148 tumor types [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2212.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1538-7445
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 9
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-22), p. 1202-
    Abstract: Human mammaglobin-A (SCGB2A2) is a secretory protein with an unknown function that is used as a diagnostic marker for breast cancer. However, other tumors can also express mammaglobin-A. To comprehensively study patterns of mammaglobin-A expression, a tissue microarray containing 16,328 samples from 128 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Mammaglobin-A positivity was found in only a few normal tissues, including luminal cells of the breast as well as endocervical and endometrial glands. In tumor tissues, 37 of 128 tumor categories showed mamma-globin-A staining, 32 of which were derived from one of four organs: breast (6 tumor categories), endometrium (5 tumor categories), ovary (5 tumor categories), and salivary glands (16 tumor categories). Only five additional tumor types showed occasional weak mammaglobin positivity, including medullary thyroid cancer, teratoma of the testis, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and pharynx, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Among 1139 evaluable invasive breast carcinomas of no special type, low mammaglobin-A immunostaining was linked to high BRE grade (p = 0.0011), loss of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression (p 〈 0.0001 each), and triple-negative status (p 〈 0.0001) but not to patient survival. In endometrial cancer, mammaglobin-A loss was linked to an advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0198). Our data characterize mammaglobin-A as a highly specific marker for tumors derived from either the breast, female genitals, or salivary gland.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 10
    In: American Journal of Surgical Pathology, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 2022-01), p. 97-104
    Abstract: Carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1) is a zinc metalloprotease that is produced in pancreatic acinar cells and plays a role in cleaving C-terminal branched-chain and aromatic amino acids from dietary proteins. This study assessed the utility of immunohistochemical CPA1 staining for diagnosing pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC). A total of 12,274 tumor samples from 132 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 8 samples each of 76 different normal tissue types were interpretable by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. CPA1 was strongly expressed in acinar cells of all normal pancreas samples but not in any other normal tissues. CPA1 immunostaining was detected in 100% of 11 pancreatic ACCs and 1 mixed acinar endocrine carcinoma, but absent in 449 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, 75 adenocarcinomas of the ampulla Vateri, and 11,739 other evaluable cancers from 128 different tumor entities. A weak to moderate diffuse staining of epithelial and stromal cells of cancer tissues immediately adjacent to non-neoplastic pancreatic acinar cells often occurred and was considered to be caused by the diffusion of the highly abundant CPA1 from normal acinar cells that may have suffered some autolytic cell damage. In conclusion, our data show that CPA1 is a highly sensitive and largely specific marker for normal and neoplastic pancreatic acinar cells. CPA1 immunohistochemistry greatly facilitates the otherwise often difficult diagnosis of pancreatic ACC.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0147-5185
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2022
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