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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Immunogenicity of The BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccines in Patients with Hemoglobinopathies
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-01-20), p. 151-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-01-20), p. 151-
    Abstract: Introduction: Studies assessing immune responses following Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 (Pfizer) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 AZD1222 (AstraZeneca) vaccines in patients with hemoglobinopathy are non-existent in the literature despite being thought at high risk of infection. Methods: Prospectively, we collected serum from patients with hemoglobinopathies at least 14 days post vaccine and measured neutralizing antibodies (nAb) in addition to binding antibodies using in-house assays. Results: All 66 participants mounted a significant binding antibody response (100%), but nAbs were detected in (56/66) post-vaccine with a rate of 84.5%. Age, gender, vaccine type, spleen status, hydroxyurea use, and hyperferritinemia did not affect the rate significantly. While 23/32 (71.8%) patients receiving only one dose of the vaccine were able to mount a positive response, 33/34 (97.05%) of those who had two doses of any vaccine type had a significant nAbs response. Patients who had anti-nucleocapsid (N), signifying asymptomatic infection in the past, were able to produce nAbs (31/31). No nAbs were detected in 10/35 (28.5%) patients with no anti-N antibodies. Conclusion: Our results provide supportive data when advising patients with hemoglobinopathy to receive COVID-19 vaccines and ensure booster doses are available for better immunity. Whenever available, measurement of nAb is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020151
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Low clinical utility of testing for anti‐platelet factor 4 in asymptomatic individuals after ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccine
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Laboratory Hematology Vol. 44, No. 2 ( 2022-04), p. 424-429
    Details
    In: International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, Wiley, Vol. 44, No. 2 ( 2022-04), p. 424-429
    Abstract: The development of anti‐platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies is linked to a rare thrombotic complication described now as vaccine‐induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). This clinical syndrome with thrombosis and thrombocytopenia was reported after exposure to the Oxford‐AstraZeneca COVID‐19 vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccine (AZD1222), and Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson). In the absence of the clinical features, the incidence of positive anti‐PF4 antibodies in asymptomatic individuals post‐vaccination is unclear. Methods The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of anti‐PF4 antibodies in asymptomatic individuals 14–21 days after receiving the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccine (AZD1222) and BNT162b2 vaccine. Prospectively, we collected serum from individuals before and after ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccine and BNT162b2 vaccine and measured anti‐PF4 antibodies using the Asserachrom HPIA IgG ELISA (Stago, Asnieres, France). Results We detected positive anti‐PF4 antibodies in 5 of 94 asymptomatic individuals post‐vaccine with a rate of 5.3% with low titers (OD 0.3–0.7). Four of 5 individuals who tested positive after the vaccine had also positive anti‐PF4 antibodies before the vaccine, which indicates that a majority of the positive results are due to preexisting anti‐PF4 antibodies. We did not find a relation between the development of anti‐PF4 antibodies and the immune response to the vaccine, status of prior COVID‐19 infection, and baseline characteristics of participants. None of the participants developed thrombosis nor thrombocytopenia. Conclusion Our results provide new evidence to guide the diagnostic algorithm of suspected cases of VITT. In the absence of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia, there is a low utility of testing for anti‐PF4 antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1751-5521 , 1751-553X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.v44.2
    DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13774
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2268600-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amplifying Lateral Flow Assay Signals for Rapid Detection of COVID‐19 Specific Antibodies
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Challenges Vol. 6, No. 7 ( 2022-07)
    Details
    In: Global Challenges, Wiley, Vol. 6, No. 7 ( 2022-07)
    Abstract: Rapid lateral flow immune‐assays are point‐of‐care diagnostic tools that are easy to use, cheap, and do not need centralized infrastructure. Therefore, these devices are appealing for rapid detection of the humoral immune responses to infections, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The novel technique introduced here uses a complex of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 N‐protein antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles that are bound to five SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein conjugated to gold nanoparticles to amplify the signals obtained from the conjugated SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein and to enhance the assay detection limit. To validate the performance of the adopted lateral flow, serum from SARS‐CoV‐2 seropositive individuals and prepandamic negative samples are tested and compared to a validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein specific IgG and IgM antibodies. The data shows that the designed lateral flow assay has an excellent sensitivity and specificity upon detecting IgM and IgG antibodies by applying only 2 µL from the serum sample to the adopted strips. Taken together, the developed lateral flow immunoassay assay provides a rapid, specific, and highly sensitive means to detect the immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 with only 2 µL from the serum sample.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2056-6646 , 2056-6646
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/gch2.v6.7
    DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200008
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2844367-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mouth rinses efficacy on salivary SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load: A randomized clinical trial
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Medical Virology Vol. 95, No. 1 ( 2023-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Medical Virology, Wiley, Vol. 95, No. 1 ( 2023-01)
    Abstract: Considering the global trend to confine the COVID‐19 pandemic by applying various preventive health measures, preprocedural mouth rinsing has been proposed to mitigate the transmission risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dental clinics. The study aimed to investigate the effect of different mouth rinses on salivary viral load in COVID‐19 patients. This study was a single‐center, randomized, double‐blind, six‐parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled clinical trial that investigated the effect of four mouth rinses (1% povidone‐iodine, 1.5% hydrogen peroxide, 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride, and 80 ppm hypochlorous acid) on salivary SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load relative to the distilled water and no‐rinse control groups. The viral load was measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR) at baseline and 5, 30, and 60 min post rinsing. The viral load pattern within each mouth rinse group showed a reduction overtime; however, this reduction was only statistically significant in the hydrogen peroxide group. Further, a significant reduction in the viral load was observed between povidone‐iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and cetylpyridinium chloride compared to the no‐rinse group at 60 min, indicating their late antiviral potential. Interestingly, a similar statistically significant reduction was also observed in the distilled water control group compared to the no‐rinse group at 60 min, proposing mechanical washing of the viral particles through the rinsing procedure. Therefore, results suggest using preprocedural mouth rinses, particularly hydrogen peroxide, as a risk‐mitigation step before dental procedures, along with strict adherence to other infection control measures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0146-6615 , 1096-9071
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jmv.v95.1
    DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28412
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 752392-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475090-9
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  • 5
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    Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies in Healthcare Workers during the Epidemic Peak in Referral Hospitals and Quarantine Sites: Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-07-20), p. 1413-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-07-20), p. 1413-
    Abstract: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population. Here, we aimed to evaluate and characterize the SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity rate in randomly collected samples among HCWs from the largest referral hospitals and quarantine sites during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic in the city of Jeddah, the second largest city in Saudi Arabia, using a cross-sectional analytic study design. Out of 693 participants recruited from 29 June to 10 August 2020, 223 (32.2%, 95% CI: 28.8–35.8) were found to be confirmed seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and among those 197 (88.3%) had never been diagnosed with COVID-19. Seropositivity was not significantly associated with participants reporting COVID-19 compatible symptoms as most seropositive HCW participants 140 (62.8%) were asymptomatic. The large proportion of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases detected in our study demands periodic testing as a general hospital policy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13071413
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity of a Candidate DNA Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Subunit 1
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2021-08-04), p. 852-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2021-08-04), p. 852-
    Abstract: The urgent need for effective, safe and equitably accessible vaccines to tackle the ongoing spread of COVID-19 led researchers to generate vaccine candidates targeting varieties of immunogens of SARS-CoV-2. Because of its crucial role in mediating binding and entry to host cell and its proven safety profile, the subunit 1 (S1) of the spike protein represents an attractive immunogen for vaccine development. Here, we developed and assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S1. Following in vitro confirmation and characterization, the humoral and cellular immune responses of our vaccine candidate (pVAX-S1) was evaluated in BALB/c mice using two different doses, 25 µg and 50 µg. Our data showed high levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with three doses of pVAX-S1. Analysis of the induced IgG subclasses showed a Th1-polarized immune response, as demonstrated by the significant elevation of spike-specific IgG2a and IgG2b, compared to IgG1. Furthermore, we found that the immunization of mice with three doses of 50 µg of pVAX-S1 could elicit significant memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Taken together, our data indicate that pVAX-S1 is immunogenic and safe in mice and is worthy of further preclinical and clinical evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080852
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Where do T cell subsets stand in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an update
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Vol. 12 ( 2022-8-10)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 12 ( 2022-8-10)
    Abstract: An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China in December 2019 and spread so rapidly all around the globe. It’s continued and spreading more dangerously in India and Brazil with higher mortality rate. Understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 depends on unraveling of interactional mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and human immune response. The immune response is a complex process, which can be better understood by understanding the immunological response and pathological mechanisms of COVID-19, which will provide new treatments, increase treatment efficacy, and decrease mortality associated with the disease. In this review we present a amalgamate viewpoint based on the current available knowledge on COVID-19 which includes entry of the virus and multiplication of virus, its pathological effects on the cellular level, immunological reaction, systemic and organ presentation. T cells play a crucial role in controlling and clearing viral infections. Several studies have now shown that the severity of the COVID-19 disease is inversely correlated with the magnitude of the T cell response. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses is of high interest because T cells are attractive vaccine targets and could help reduce COVID-19 severity. Even though there is a significant amount of literature regarding SARS-CoV-2, there are still very few studies focused on understanding the T cell response to this novel virus. Nevertheless, a majority of these studies focused on peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were specific for viruses. The focus of this review is on different subtypes of T cell responses in COVID-19 patients, Th17, follicular helper T (TFH), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and less classical, invariant T cell populations, such as δγ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells etc that could influence disease outcome.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2235-2988
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.964265
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2619676-1
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Relationship between Psychological Disability and Religious Practice and Coping Strategies in Caregivers of Children with Traumatic Brain Injury in Pakistani Population
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Healthcare Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2022-10-28), p. 2158-
    Details
    In: Healthcare, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2022-10-28), p. 2158-
    Abstract: Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious issue and a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Caregivers of TBI patients experience psychological distress and a variety of social and financial issues. The present study aims to investigate the caregiver’s burden and the factors that influence this burden. Furthermore, the present study will find out the association of religious practice, religious coping relations and psychological distress among caregivers of children affected with TBI. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 302 caregivers of children with TBI using Duke University Religion Index (DURL) for religious practice. General Health Questionaire-12 (GHQ-12) was used for anxiety and depression and Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE) was used for coping strategies. The caregivers were conveniently chosen from different regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and data was collected from different tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar. Results: Forty-nine (49) % of caregivers score ≥ 3 on GHQ suffer from psychological distress with a Mean of 20.957 ± 4.175). Positive coping methods were mostly used by caregivers than negative coping have a low level of distress with a Mean Positive Coping (P-COPE ) of 6.93 ± 0.41, Mean of Negative Coping (N-COPE) 0.486 ± 1.023. In religious practice, caregivers mostly participate in Organized Reliogious Activities (ORA) or some Non-Organized Reliogious Activities (NORA) with a Mean ORA of 4.20 ± 1.27, and NORA Mean of 4.17 ± 1.37 used by the caregivers. Coping methods were related to Caregiver psychological distress (GHQ-12 and P-COPE co-relation scores are (ρ −0.022, p b 0.05); GHQ-12 scores and N-COPE (ρ + 0.221=, p b 0.001). There is a negative correlation between GHQ 12 and PCOPE, while GHQ12 is positively correlated with NCOPE. Conclusion: According to this study, there is a significant association between religious coping methods, religious practice, and psychological distress among caregivers of children with traumatic brain injury.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112158
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721009-1
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