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  • Hartop, Emily  (3)
  • 1
    Online Resource
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    Figure 9 from: Karlsson D, Hartop E, Forshage M, Jaschhof M, Ronquist F (2020) The Swedish Malaise Trap Project: A 15 Year Retrospective on a Countrywide Insect Inventory. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e47255. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255
    Pensoft Publishers ; 2020
    In:  Biodiversity Data Journal Vol. 8 ( 2020-01-21)
    Details
    In: Biodiversity Data Journal, Pensoft Publishers, Vol. 8 ( 2020-01-21)
    Abstract: The Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP) is one of the most ambitious insect inventories ever attempted. The project was designed to target poorly known insect groups across a diverse range of habitats in Sweden. The field campaign involved the deployment of 73 Malaise traps at 55 localities across the country for three years (2003-2006). Over the past 15 years, the collected material has been hand sorted by trained technicians into over 300 taxonomic fractions suitable for expert attention. The resulting collection is a tremendous asset for entomologists around the world, especially as we now face a desperate need for baseline data to evaluate phenomena like insect decline and climate change. Here, we describe the history, organisation, methodology and logistics of the SMTP, focusing on the rationale for the decisions taken and the lessons learned along the way. The SMTP represents one of the early instances of community science applied to large-scale inventory work, with a heavy reliance on volunteers in both the field and the laboratory. We give estimates of both staff effort and volunteer effort involved. The project has been funded by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative; in total, the inventory has cost less than 30 million SEK (approximately 3.1 million USD). Based on a subset of the samples, we characterise the size and taxonomic composition of the SMTP material. Several different extrapolation methods suggest that the material comprises around 20 million specimens in total. The material is dominated by Diptera (75% of the specimens) and Hymenoptera (15% of specimens). Amongst the Diptera, the dominant groups are Chironomidae (37% of specimens), Sciaridae (15%), Phoridae (13%), Cecidomyiidae (9.5%) and Mycetophilidae (9.4%). Within Hymenoptera, the major groups are Ichneumonidae (44% of specimens), Diaprioidea (19%), Braconidae (9.6%), Platygastroidea (8.5%) and Chalcidoidea (7.9%). The taxonomic composition varies with latitude and season. Several Diptera and Hymenoptera groups are more common in non-summer samples (collected from September to April) and in the North, while others show the opposite pattern. About 1% of the total material has been processed and identified by experts so far. This material represents over 4,000 species. One third of these had not been recorded from Sweden before and almost 700 of them are new to science. These results reveal the large amounts of taxonomic work still needed on Palaearctic insect faunas. Based on the SMTP experiences, we discuss aspects of planning and conducting future large-scale insect inventory projects using mainly traditional approaches in relation to more recent approaches that rely on molecular techniques.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1314-2828 , 1314-2836
    URL: Article
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    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255
    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure1
    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure10
    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure11
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    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure2
    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure20
    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure3
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    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure8
    DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47255.figure9
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2736709-5
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  • 2
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    Scuttling towards monophyly: phylogeny of the mega‐diverse genus Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae)
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Systematic Entomology Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. 71-82
    Details
    In: Systematic Entomology, Wiley, Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. 71-82
    Abstract: The genus Megaselia Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) is one of the largest in the animal kingdom, with nearly 1700 described species and many remaining to be discovered. Work on this group is notoriously challenging due to the extreme species diversity, poor knowledge of higher‐level relationships and lack of molecular data. In this paper, we present the largest study to date of Megaselia relationships based on molecular data from one nuclear (28S rDNA) and three mitochondrial (ND1, COI and 16S) markers for 175 Nordic specimens representing 145 species of Megaselia , plus outgroups. Based on phylogenetic analyses of these data, we propose 22 informal Megaselia species groups, all of which match well‐supported terminal clades. Relationships among these groups, and between them and several isolated species, remain largely uncertain. Of the 22, 20 species groups fall into a moderately well‐supported monophyletic clade of ‘core Megaselia ’. Two species groups, the spinigera and ruficornis groups, fall outside of core Megaselia , as does the single representative of Myriophora , a genus that is included in Megaselia by some specialists. Here, we explore the morphology of these molecular species groups to aid future studies, and we discuss the implications of our findings for the generic circumscription of Megaselia . Hopefully, our results can aid further characterization of subgroups within the enormous Megaselia radiation and among its closest relatives, thus facilitating future work on this challenging but fascinating group of small flies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0307-6970 , 1365-3113
    URL: Issue
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    DOI: 10.1111/syen.v46.1
    DOI: 10.1111/syen.12448
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020957-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Towards Large-Scale Integrative Taxonomy (LIT): Resolving the Data Conundrum for Dark Taxa
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Systematic Biology Vol. 71, No. 6 ( 2022-10-12), p. 1404-1422
    Details
    In: Systematic Biology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 71, No. 6 ( 2022-10-12), p. 1404-1422
    Abstract: New, rapid, accurate, scalable, and cost-effective species discovery and delimitation methods are needed for tackling “dark taxa,” here defined as groups for which $ & lt;$10$\%$ of all species are described and the estimated diversity exceeds 1,000 species. Species delimitation for these taxa should be based on multiple data sources (“integrative taxonomy”) but collecting multiple types of data risks impeding a discovery process that is already too slow. We here develop large-scale integrative taxonomy (LIT), an explicit method where preliminary species hypotheses are generated based on inexpensive data that can be obtained quickly and cost-effectively. These hypotheses are then evaluated based on a more expensive type of “validation data” that is only obtained for specimens selected based on objective criteria applied to the preliminary species hypotheses. We here use this approach to sort 18,000 scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) into 315 preliminary species hypotheses based on next-generation sequencing barcode (313 bp) clusters (using objective clustering [OC] with a 3$\%$ threshold). These clusters are then evaluated with morphology as the validation data. We develop quantitative indicators for predicting which barcode clusters are likely to be incongruent with morphospecies by randomly selecting 100 clusters for in-depth validation with morphology. A linear model demonstrates that the best predictors for incongruence between barcode clusters and morphology are maximum p-distance within the cluster and a newly proposed index that measures cluster stability across different clustering thresholds. A test of these indicators using the 215 remaining clusters reveals that these predictors correctly identify all clusters that are incongruent with morphology. In our study, all morphospecies are true or disjoint subsets of the initial barcode clusters so that all incongruence can be eliminated by varying clustering thresholds. This leads to a discussion of when a third data source is needed to resolve incongruent grouping statements. The morphological validation step in our study involved 1,039 specimens (5.8$\%$ of the total). The formal LIT protocol we propose would only have required the study of 915 (5.1$\%$: 2.5 specimens per species), as we show that clusters without signatures of incongruence can be validated by only studying two specimens representing the most divergent haplotypes. To test the generality of our results across different barcode clustering techniques, we establish that the levels of incongruence are similar across OC, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), Poisson Tree Processes (PTP), and Refined Single Linkage (RESL) (used by Barcode of Life Data System to assign Barcode Index Numbers [BINs] ). OC and ABGD achieved a maximum congruence score with the morphology of 89$\%$ while PTP was slightly less effective (84$\%$). RESL could only be tested for a subset of the specimens because the algorithm is not public. BINs based on 277 of the original 1,714 haplotypes were 86$\%$ congruent with morphology while the values were 89$\%$ for OC, 74$\%$ for PTP, and 72$\%$ for ABGD. [Biodiversity discovery; dark taxa; DNA barcodes; integrative taxonomy.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1063-5157 , 1076-836X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac033
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482572-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1123455-6
    SSG: 12
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