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  • 1
    In: Academic Emergency Medicine, Wiley, Vol. 29, No. 4 ( 2022-04), p. 406-414
    Abstract: Tracheal intubation (TI) practice across pediatric emergency departments (EDs) has not been comprehensively reported. We aim to describe TI practice and outcomes in pediatric EDs in contrast to those in intensive care units (ICUs) and use the data to identify quality improvement targets. [Correction added on 30 April 2022, after first online publication: The sentence has been modified.] Methods Consecutive TI encounters from pediatric EDs and ICUs in the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEAR4KIDS) database from 2015 to 2018 were analyzed for patient, provider, and practice characteristics and outcomes: adverse TI‐associated events (TIAEs), oxygen desaturation (SpO 2 〈 80%), and procedural success. A multivariable model identified factors associated with TIAEs in the ED. Results A total of 756 TIs in 13 pediatric EDs and 12,512 TIs in 51 pediatric/cardiac ICUs were reported. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) patient age for ED TIs was higher (32 [7–108]  months) than that for ICU TIs (15 [3–91]  months; p  〈  0.001). Proportion of TIs for respiratory decompensation (52% of ED vs. 64% ICU), shock (26% vs. 14%), and neurologic deterioration (30% vs. 11%) also differed by location. Limited neck mobility was reported more often in the ED (16% vs. 6%). TIs in the ED were performed more often via video laryngoscopy (64% vs. 29%). Adverse TIAE rates (15.6% ED, 14% ICU; absolute difference = 1.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –1.1 to 4.2; p = 0.23) and severe TIAE rates (5.4% ED, 5.8% ICU; absolute difference = –0.3%, 95% CI = –2.0 to 1.3; p = 0.68) were not different. Oxygen desaturation was less commonly reported in ED TIs (13.6%) than ICU TIs (17%, absolute difference = –3.4%, 95% CI = –5.9 to –0.8; p = 0.016). Among ED TIs, shock as an indication (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]  = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.26 to 3.65) and limited mouth opening (aOR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.93) were independently associated with TIAEs. Conclusions While TI characteristics vary between pediatric EDs and ICUs, outcomes are similar. Shock and limited mouth opening were independently associated with adverse TI events in the ED.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1069-6563 , 1553-2712
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029751-8
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  • 2
    In: JAMA Pediatrics, American Medical Association (AMA), Vol. 170, No. 3 ( 2016-03-07), p. e154627-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2168-6203
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 3
    In: Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 48, No. 6 ( 2020-06), p. e489-e497
    Abstract: Tracheal intubation in critically ill children with shock poses a risk of hemodynamic compromise. Ketamine has been considered the drug of choice for induction in these patients, but limited data exist. We investigated whether the administration of ketamine for tracheal intubation in critically ill children with or without shock was associated with fewer adverse hemodynamic events compared with other induction agents. We also investigated if there was a dose dependence for any association between ketamine use and adverse hemodynamic events. Design: We performed a retrospective analysis using prospectively collected observational data from the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database from 2013 to 2017. Setting: Forty international PICUs participating in the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children. Patients: Critically ill children 0–17 years old who underwent tracheal intubation in a PICU. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The association between ketamine exposure as an induction agent and the occurrence of adverse hemodynamic events during tracheal intubation including dysrhythmia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest was evaluated. We used multivariable logistic regression to account for patient, provider, and practice factors with robust se s to account for clustering by sites. Of 10,750 tracheal intubations, 32.0% ( n = 3,436) included ketamine as an induction agent. The most common diagnoses associated with ketamine use were sepsis and/or shock (49.7%). After adjusting for potential confounders and sites, ketamine use was associated with fewer hemodynamic tracheal intubation associated adverse events compared with other agents (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58–0.95). The interaction term between ketamine use and indication for shock was not significant ( p = 0.11), indicating ketamine effect to prevent hemodynamic adverse events is consistent in children with or without shock. Conclusions: Ketamine use for tracheal intubation is associated with fewer hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated adverse events.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0090-3493
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2034247-0
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  • 4
    In: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2018-03), p. 218-227
    Abstract: Evaluate differences in tracheal intubation–associated events and process variances (i.e., multiple intubation attempts and oxygen desaturation) between pediatric cardiac ICUs and noncardiac PICUs in children with underlying cardiac disease. Design: Retrospective cohort study using a multicenter tracheal intubation quality improvement database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children). Setting: Thirty-six PICUs (five cardiac ICUs, 31 noncardiac ICUs) from July 2012 to March 2016. Patients: Children with medical or surgical cardiac disease who underwent intubation in an ICU. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Our primary outcome was the rate of any adverse tracheal intubation–associated event. Secondary outcomes were severe tracheal intubation–associated events, multiple tracheal intubation attempt rates, and oxygen desaturation. There were 1,502 tracheal intubations in children with underlying cardiac disease (751 in cardiac ICUs, 751 in noncardiac ICUs) reported. Cardiac ICUs and noncardiac ICUs had similar proportions of patients with surgical cardiac disease. Patients undergoing intubation in cardiac ICUs were younger (median age, 1 mo [interquartile range, 0–6 mo]) compared with noncardiac ICUs (median 3 mo [interquartile range, 1–11 mo] ; p 〈 0.001). Tracheal intubation–associated event rates were not different between cardiac ICUs and noncardiac ICUs (16% vs 19%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54–1.02; p = 0.069). However, in a sensitivity analysis comparing cardiac ICUs with mixed ICUs (i.e., ICUs caring for children with either general pediatric or cardiac diseases), cardiac ICUs had decreased odds of adverse events (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52–0.97; p = 0.033). Rates of severe tracheal intubation–associated events and multiple attempts were similar. Desaturations occurred more often during intubation in cardiac ICUs (adjusted odds ratio, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.04–1.15; p = 0.002). Conclusions: In children with underlying cardiac disease, rates of adverse tracheal intubation–associated events were not lower in cardiac ICUs as compared to noncardiac ICUs, even after adjusting for differences in patient characteristics and care models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1529-7535
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070997-3
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  • 5
    In: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 19, No. 6 ( 2018-06), p. 528-537
    Abstract: Cricoid pressure is often used to prevent regurgitation during induction and mask ventilation prior to high-risk tracheal intubation in critically ill children. Clinical data in children showing benefit are limited. Our objective was to evaluate the association between cricoid pressure use and the occurrence of regurgitation during tracheal intubation for critically ill children in PICU. Design: A retrospective cohort study of a multicenter pediatric airway quality improvement registry. Settings: Thirty-five PICUs within general and children’s hospitals (29 in the United States, three in Canada, one in Japan, one in Singapore, and one in New Zealand). Patients: Children ( 〈 18 yr) with initial tracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy in PICUs between July 2010 and December 2015. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between cricoid pressure use and the occurrence of regurgitation while adjusting for underlying differences in patient and clinical care factors. Of 7,825 events, cricoid pressure was used in 1,819 (23%). Regurgitation was reported in 106 of 7,825 (1.4%) and clinical aspiration in 51 of 7,825 (0.7%). Regurgitation was reported in 35 of 1,819 (1.9%) with cricoid pressure, and 71 of 6,006 (1.2%) without cricoid pressure (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.09–2.47; p = 0.018). On multivariable analysis, cricoid pressure was not associated with the occurrence of regurgitation after adjusting for patient, practice, and known regurgitation risk factors (adjusted odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.99–2.47; p = 0.054). A sensitivity analysis in propensity score–matched cohorts showed cricoid pressure was associated with a higher regurgitation rate (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02; p = 0.036). Conclusions: Cricoid pressure during induction and mask ventilation before tracheal intubation in the current ICU practice was not associated with a lower regurgitation rate after adjusting for previously reported confounders. Further studies are needed to determine whether cricoid pressure for specific indication with proper maneuver would be effective in reducing regurgitation events.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1529-7535
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070997-3
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  • 6
    In: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2018-01), p. e41-e50
    Abstract: Oxygen desaturation during tracheal intubation is known to be associated with adverse ICU outcomes in critically ill children. We aimed to determine the occurrence and severity of desaturation during tracheal intubations and the association with adverse hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated events. Design: Retrospective cohort study as a part of the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children Network’s quality improvement project from January 2012 to December 2014. Setting: International PICUs. Patients: Critically ill children younger than 18 years undergoing primary tracheal intubations in the ICUs. Interventions: tracheal intubation processes of care and outcomes were prospectively collected using standardized operational definitions. We defined moderate desaturation as oxygen saturation less than 80% and severe desaturation as oxygen saturation less than 70% during tracheal intubation procedures in children with initial oxygen saturation greater than 90% after preoxygenation. Adverse hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated event was defined as cardiac arrests, hypo or hypertension requiring intervention, and dysrhythmia. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 5,498 primary tracheal intubations from 31 ICUs were reported. Moderate desaturation was observed in 19.3% associated with adverse hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated events (9.8% among children with moderate desaturation vs 4.4% without desaturation; p 〈 0.001). Severe desaturation was observed in 12.9% of tracheal intubations, also significantly associated with hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated events. After adjusting for patient, provider, and practice factors, the occurrence of moderate desaturation was independently associated with hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated events: adjusted odds ratio 1.83 (95% CI, 1.34–2.51; p 〈 0.001). The occurrence of severe desaturation was also independently associated with hemodynamic tracheal intubation–associated events: adjusted odds ratio 2.16 (95% CI, 1.54–3.04; p 〈 0.001). Number of tracheal intubation attempts was also significantly associated with the frequency of moderate and severe desaturations ( p 〈 0.001). Conclusions: In this large tracheal intubation quality improvement database, we found moderate and severe desaturation are reported among 19% and 13% of all tracheal intubation encounters. Moderate and severe desaturations were independently associated with the occurrence of adverse hemodynamic events. Future quality improvement interventions may focus to reduce desaturation events.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1529-7535
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070997-3
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  • 7
    In: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-02), p. 98-105
    Abstract: Waveform capnography use has been incorporated into guidelines for the confirmation of tracheal intubation. We aim to describe the trend in waveform capnography use in emergency departments and PICUs and assess the association between waveform capnography use and adverse tracheal intubation–associated events. Design: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Setting: Thirty-four hospitals (34 ICUs and nine emergency departments) in the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children quality improvement initiative. Patients: Primary tracheal intubation in children younger than 18 years. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Patient, provider, and practice data for tracheal intubation procedure including a type of end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, as well as the procedural safety outcomes, were prospectively collected. The use of waveform capnography versus colorimetry was evaluated in association with esophageal intubation with delayed recognition, cardiac arrest, and oxygen desaturation less than 80%. During January 2011 and December 2015, 9,639 tracheal intubations were reported. Waveform capnography use increased over time (39% in 2010 to 53% in 2015; p 〈 0.001), whereas colorimetry use decreased ( 〈 0.001). There was significant variability in waveform capnography use across institutions (median 49%; interquartile range, 25–85%; p 〈 0.001). Capnography was used more often in emergency departments as compared with ICUs (66% vs. 49%; p 〈 0.001). The rate of esophageal intubation with delayed recognition was similar with waveform capnography versus colorimetry (0.39% vs. 0.46%; p = 0.62). The rate of cardiac arrest was also similar ( p = 0.49). Oxygen desaturation occurred less frequently when capnography was used (17% vs. 19%; p = 0.03); however, this was not significant after adjusting for patient and provider characteristics. Conclusions: Significant variations existed in capnography use across institutions, with the use increasing over time in both emergency departments and ICUs. The use of capnography during intubation was not associated with esophageal intubation with delayed recognition or the occurrence of cardiac arrest.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1529-7535
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070997-3
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  • 8
    In: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 19, No. 5 ( 2018-05), p. e242-e250
    Abstract: As of July 2013, pediatric resident trainee guidelines in the United States no longer require proficiency in nonneonatal tracheal intubation. We hypothesized that laryngoscopy by pediatric residents has decreased over time, with a more pronounced decrease after this guideline change. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Twenty-five PICUs at various children’s hospitals across the United States. Patients: Tracheal intubations performed in PICUs from July 2010 to June 2016 in the multicenter tracheal intubation database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children). Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results: Prospective cohort study in which all primary tracheal intubations occurring in the United States from July 2010 to June 2016 in the multicenter tracheal intubation database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children) were analyzed. Participating PICU leaders were also asked to describe their local airway management training for residents. Resident participation trends over time, stratified by presence of a Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship and airway training curriculum for residents, were described. A total of 9,203 tracheal intubations from 25 PICUs were reported. Pediatric residents participated in 16% of tracheal intubations as first laryngoscopists: 14% in PICUs with a Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship and 34% in PICUs without one ( p 〈 0.001). Resident participation decreased significantly over time (3.4% per year; p 〈 0.001). The decrease was significant in ICUs with a Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship ( p 〈 0.001) but not in ICUs without one ( p = 0.73). After adjusting for site-level clustering, patient characteristics, and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship presence, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education guideline change was not associated with lower participation by residents (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.59–1.24; p = 0.43). The downward trend of resident participation was similar regardless of the presence of an airway curriculum for residents. Conclusion: Laryngoscopy by pediatric residents has substantially decreased over time. This downward trend was not associated with the 2013 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education change in residency requirements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1529-7535
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070997-3
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  • 9
    In: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-02), p. 106-114
    Abstract: External laryngeal manipulation is a commonly used maneuver to improve visualization of the glottis during tracheal intubation in children. However, the effectiveness to improve tracheal intubation attempt success rate in the nonanesthesia setting is not clear. The study objective was to evaluate the association between external laryngeal manipulation use and initial tracheal intubation attempt success in PICUs. Design: A retrospective observational study using a multicenter emergency airway quality improvement registry. Setting: Thirty-five PICUs within general and children’s hospitals (29 in the United States, three in Canada, one in Japan, one in Singapore, and one in New Zealand). Patients: Critically ill children ( 〈 18 years) undergoing initial tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy in PICUs between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. Measurements and Main Results: Propensity score–matched analysis was performed to evaluate the association between external laryngeal manipulation and initial attempt success while adjusting for underlying differences in patient and clinical care factors: age, obesity, tracheal intubation indications, difficult airway features, provider training level, and neuromuscular blockade use. External laryngeal manipulation was defined as any external force to the neck during laryngoscopy. Of the 7,825 tracheal intubations, the initial tracheal intubation attempt was successful in 1,935/3,274 intubations (59%) with external laryngeal manipulation and 3,086/4,551 (68%) without external laryngeal manipulation (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62–0.75; p 〈 0.001). In propensity score–matched analysis, external laryngeal manipulation remained associated with lower initial tracheal intubation attempt success (adjusted odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90–0.95; p 〈 0.001). Conclusions: External laryngeal manipulation during direct laryngoscopy was associated with lower initial tracheal intubation attempt success in critically ill children, even after adjusting for underlying differences in patient factors and provider levels. The indiscriminate use of external laryngeal manipulation cannot be recommended.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1529-7535
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070997-3
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  • 10
    In: Cardiology in the Young, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 28, No. 7 ( 2018-07), p. 928-937
    Abstract: Children with CHD and acquired heart disease have unique, high-risk physiology. They may have a higher risk of adverse tracheal-intubation-associated events, as compared with children with non-cardiac disease. Materials and methods We sought to evaluate the occurrence of adverse tracheal-intubation-associated events in children with cardiac disease compared to children with non-cardiac disease. A retrospective analysis of tracheal intubations from 38 international paediatric ICUs was performed using the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEAR4KIDS) quality improvement registry. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any tracheal-intubation-associated event. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of severe tracheal-intubation-associated events, multiple intubation attempts, and oxygen desaturation. Results A total of 8851 intubations were reported between July, 2012 and March, 2016. Cardiac patients were younger, more likely to have haemodynamic instability, and less likely to have respiratory failure as an indication. The overall frequency of tracheal-intubation-associated events was not different (cardiac: 17% versus non-cardiac: 16%, p=0.13), nor was the rate of severe tracheal-intubation-associated events (cardiac: 7% versus non-cardiac: 6%, p=0.11). Tracheal-intubation-associated cardiac arrest occurred more often in cardiac patients (2.80 versus 1.28%; p 〈 0.001), even after adjusting for patient and provider differences (adjusted odds ratio 1.79; p=0.03). Multiple intubation attempts occurred less often in cardiac patients (p=0.04), and oxygen desaturations occurred more often, even after excluding patients with cyanotic heart disease. Conclusions The overall incidence of adverse tracheal-intubation-associated events in cardiac patients was not different from that in non-cardiac patients. However, the presence of a cardiac diagnosis was associated with a higher occurrence of both tracheal-intubation-associated cardiac arrest and oxygen desaturation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1047-9511 , 1467-1107
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060876-7
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