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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mapping lichen distribution on the Antarctic Peninsula using remote sensing, lichen spectra and photographic documentation by citizen scientists
    Norwegian Polar Institute ; 2015
    In:  Polar Research Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 25633-
    Details
    In: Polar Research, Norwegian Polar Institute, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 25633-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3402/polar.v34.25633
    Language: English
    Publisher: Norwegian Polar Institute
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 2
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    Defining the centre of glacio‐isostatic uplift of the last Scottish ice‐sheet: the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, Scottish Highlands
    Wiley ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science Vol. 17, No. 5-6 ( 2002-07), p. 527-533
    Details
    In: Journal of Quaternary Science, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. 5-6 ( 2002-07), p. 527-533
    Abstract: The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, Scottish Highlands, represent a series of ice‐dammed lake shorelines produced during the cold climate of the Younger Dryas. It is shown here that each lake shoreline exhibits evidence of glacio‐isostatic tilting associated with the decay of the last (Late Devensian) ice sheet. The directions of tilting of the three shorelines (in the quadrant between north and east), are at variance with published glacio‐isostatic uplift isobases based on marine shoreline data that suggest a pattern of decreased uplift towards the northwest. The gradient of shoreline tilting (between 0.11 and 0.14 m km −1 ) is similar to measured regional tilts of a well‐developed marine shoreline (the Main Rock Platform) considered to have been produced in Scotland during the same period of extreme cold climate. Consideration of the ice‐dammed lake shoreline data also points to the former occurrence of two separate episodes of tectonic activity during the Younger Dryas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0267-8179 , 1099-1417
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jqs.v17:5/6
    DOI: 10.1002/jqs.712
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2031875-3
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  • 3
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    Remote sensing reveals Antarctic green snow algae as important terrestrial carbon sink
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Nature Communications Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2020-05-20)
    Details
    In: Nature Communications, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2020-05-20)
    Abstract: We present the first estimate of green snow algae community biomass and distribution along the Antarctic Peninsula. Sentinel 2 imagery supported by two field campaigns revealed 1679 snow algae blooms, seasonally covering 1.95 × 10 6  m 2 and equating to 1.3 × 10 3 tonnes total dry biomass. Ecosystem range is limited to areas with average positive summer temperatures, and distribution strongly influenced by marine nutrient inputs, with 60% of blooms less than 5 km from a penguin colony. A warming Antarctica may lose a majority of the 62% of blooms occupying small, low-lying islands with no high ground for range expansion. However, bloom area and elevation were observed to increase at lower latitudes, suggesting that parallel expansion of bloom area on larger landmasses, close to bird or seal colonies, is likely. This increase is predicted to outweigh biomass lost from small islands, resulting in a net increase in snow algae extent and biomass as the Peninsula warms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2041-1723
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16018-w
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2553671-0
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  • 4
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    Status and trends of albatrosses in the French Southern Territories, Western Indian Ocean
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  Polar Biology Vol. 41, No. 10 ( 2018-10), p. 1963-1972
    Details
    In: Polar Biology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 41, No. 10 ( 2018-10), p. 1963-1972
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0722-4060 , 1432-2056
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2335-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478942-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 584850-7
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  • 5
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    Glacial geomorphology and cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages in the northern Dufek Massif, Weddell Sea embayment, Antarctica
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2012
    In:  Antarctic Science Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2012-08), p. 377-394
    Details
    In: Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2012-08), p. 377-394
    Abstract: We studied the glacial geomorphology and geochronology of two ice-free valleys in the Dufek Massif (Antarctic Specially Protected Area 119) providing new constraints on past ice sheet thickness in the Weddell Sea embayment. 10 Be and 26 Al cosmogenic surface exposure dating provided chronological control. Seven glacial stages are proposed. These include an alpine glaciation, with subsequent (mid-Miocene?) over-riding by a warm-based ice sheet. Subsequent advances are marked by a series of minor drift deposits at 760 m altitude at 〉 1 Ma, followed by at least two later ice sheet advances that are characterized by extensive drift sheet deposition. An advance of plateau ice field outlet glaciers from the south postdated these drift sheets. The most recent advance involved the cold-based expansion of the ice sheet from the north at the Last Glacial Maximum, or earlier, which deposited a series of bouldery moraines during its retreat. This suggests at most a relatively modest expansion of the ice sheet and outlet glaciers dominated by a lateral ice expansion of just 2–3 km and maintaining a thickness similar to that of the northern ice sheet front. These observations are consistent with other reports of modest ice sheet thickening around the Weddell Sea embayment during the Last Glacial Maximum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0954-1020 , 1365-2079
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0954102012000016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2012
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1009128-2
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  • 6
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    KRILLBASE: a circumpolar database of Antarctic krill and salp numerical densities, 1926–2016
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2017-03-16), p. 193-210
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2017-03-16), p. 193-210
    Abstract: Abstract. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and salps are major macroplankton contributors to Southern Ocean food webs and krill are also fished commercially. Managing this fishery sustainably, against a backdrop of rapid regional climate change, requires information on distribution and time trends. Many data on the abundance of both taxa have been obtained from net sampling surveys since 1926, but much of this is stored in national archives, sometimes only in notebooks. In order to make these important data accessible we have collated available abundance data (numerical density, no. m−2) of postlarval E. superba and salp individual (multiple species, and whether singly or in chains). These were combined into a central database, KRILLBASE, together with environmental information, standardisation and metadata. The aim is to provide a temporal-spatial data resource to support a variety of research such as biogeochemistry, autecology, higher predator foraging and food web modelling in addition to fisheries management and conservation. Previous versions of KRILLBASE have led to a series of papers since 2004 which illustrate some of the potential uses of this database. With increasing numbers of requests for these data we here provide an updated version of KRILLBASE that contains data from 15 194 net hauls, including 12 758 with krill abundance data and 9726 with salp abundance data. These data were collected by 10 nations and span 56 seasons in two epochs (1926–1939 and 1976–2016). Here, we illustrate the seasonal, inter-annual, regional and depth coverage of sampling, and provide both circumpolar- and regional-scale distribution maps. Krill abundance data have been standardised to accommodate variation in sampling methods, and we have presented these as well as the raw data. Information is provided on how to screen, interpret and use KRILLBASE to reduce artefacts in interpretation, with contact points for the main data providers. The DOI for the published data set is doi:10.5285/8b00a915-94e3-4a04-a903-dd4956346439.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-9-193-2017
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-9-193-2017-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 7
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    Remote Sensing Phenology of Antarctic Green and Red Snow Algae Using WorldView Satellites
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Plant Science Vol. 12 ( 2021-6-16)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Plant Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 12 ( 2021-6-16)
    Abstract: Snow algae are an important group of terrestrial photosynthetic organisms in Antarctica, where they mostly grow in low lying coastal snow fields. Reliable observations of Antarctic snow algae are difficult owing to the transient nature of their blooms and the logistics involved to travel and work there. Previous studies have used Sentinel 2 satellite imagery to detect and monitor snow algal blooms remotely, but were limited by the coarse spatial resolution and difficulties detecting red blooms. Here, for the first time, we use high-resolution WorldView multispectral satellite imagery to study Antarctic snow algal blooms in detail, tracking the growth of red and green blooms throughout the summer. Our remote sensing approach was developed alongside two Antarctic field seasons, where field spectroscopy was used to build a detection model capable of estimating cell density. Global Positioning System (GPS) tagging of blooms and in situ life cycle analysis was used to validate and verify our model output. WorldView imagery was then used successfully to identify red and green snow algae on Anchorage Island (Ryder Bay, 67°S), estimating peak coverage to be 9.48 × 10 4 and 6.26 × 10 4 m 2 , respectively. Combined, this was greater than terrestrial vegetation area coverage for the island, measured using a normalized difference vegetation index. Green snow algae had greater cell density and average layer thickness than red blooms (6.0 × 10 4 vs. 4.3 × 10 4 cells ml −1 ) and so for Anchorage Island we estimated that green algae dry biomass was over three times that of red algae (567 vs. 180 kg, respectively). Because the high spatial resolution of the WorldView imagery and its ability to detect red blooms, calculated snow algal area was 17.5 times greater than estimated with Sentinel 2 imagery. This highlights a scaling problem of using coarse resolution imagery and suggests snow algal contribution to net primary productivity on Antarctica may be far greater than previously recognized.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-462X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671981
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2613694-6
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  • 8
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    Untouched Antarctica: mapping a finite and diminishing environmental resource
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2011
    In:  Antarctic Science Vol. 23, No. 6 ( 2011-12), p. 537-548
    Details
    In: Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 23, No. 6 ( 2011-12), p. 537-548
    Abstract: Globally, areas categorically known to be free of human visitation are rare, but still exist in Antarctica. Such areas may be among the most pristine locations remaining on Earth and, therefore, be valuable as baselines for future comparisons with localities impacted by human activities, and as sites preserved for scientific research using increasingly sophisticated future technologies. Nevertheless, unvisited areas are becoming increasingly rare as the human footprint expands in Antarctica. Therefore, an understanding of historical and contemporary levels of visitation at locations across Antarctica is essential to a) estimate likely cumulative environmental impact, b) identify regions that may have been impacted by non-native species introductions, and c) inform the future designation of protected areas under the Antarctic Treaty System. Currently, records of Antarctic tourist visits exist, but little detailed information is readily available on the spatial and temporal distribution of national governmental programme activities in Antarctica. Here we describe methods to fulfil this need. Using information within field reports and archive and science databases pertaining to the activities of the United Kingdom as an illustration, we describe the history and trends in its operational footprint in the Antarctic Peninsula since c . 1944. Based on this illustration, we suggest that these methodologies could be applied productively more generally.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0954-1020 , 1365-2079
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S095410201100037X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 9
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    Experimental determination of reflectance spectra of Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) in the Scotia Sea
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2021
    In:  Antarctic Science Vol. 33, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 402-414
    Details
    In: Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 33, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 402-414
    Abstract: Antarctic krill are the dominant metazoan in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass; however, their wide and patchy distribution means that estimates of their biomass are still uncertain. Most currently employed methods do not sample the upper surface layers, yet historical records indicate that large surface swarms can change the water colour. Ocean colour satellites are able to measure the surface ocean synoptically and should theoretically provide a means for detecting and measuring surface krill swarms. Before we can assess the feasibility of remote detection, more must be known about the reflectance spectra of krill. Here, we measure the reflectance spectral signature of Antarctic krill collected in situ from the Scotia Sea and compare it to that of in situ water. Using a spectroradiometer, we measure a strong absorption feature between 500 and 550 nm, which corresponds to the pigment astaxanthin, and high reflectance in the 600–700 nm range due to the krill's red colouration. We find that the spectra of seawater containing krill is significantly different from seawater only. We conclude that it is tractable to detect high-density swarms of krill remotely using platforms such as optical satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles, and further steps to carry out ground-truthing campaigns are now warranted.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0954-1020 , 1365-2079
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0954102021000262
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 10
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    Quantifying the causes and consequences of variation in satellite‐derived population indices: a case study of emperor penguins
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2022-04), p. 151-165
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, Wiley, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2022-04), p. 151-165
    Abstract: Very high‐resolution satellite (VHR) imagery is a promising tool for estimating the abundance of wildlife populations, especially in remote regions where traditional surveys are limited by logistical challenges. Emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri were the first species to have a circumpolar population estimate derived via VHR imagery. Here we address an untested assumption from Fretwell et al. (2012) that a single image of an emperor penguin colony is a reasonable representation of the colony for the year the image was taken. We evaluated satellite‐related and environmental variables that might influence the calculated area of penguin pixels to reduce uncertainties in satellite‐based estimates of emperor penguin populations in the future. We focused our analysis on multiple VHR images from three representative colonies: Atka Bay, Stancomb‐Wills (Weddell Sea sector) and Coulman Island (Ross Sea sector) between September and December during 2011. We replicated methods in Fretwell et al. (2012), which included using supervised classification tools in ArcGIS 10.7 software to calculate area occupied by penguins (hereafter referred to as ‘population indices’) in each image. We found that population indices varied from 2 to nearly 6‐fold, suggesting that penguin pixel areas calculated from a single image may not provide a complete understanding of colony size for that year. Thus, we further highlight the important roles of: (i) sun azimuth and elevation through image resolution and (ii) penguin patchiness (aggregated vs. distributed) on the calculated areas. We found an effect of wind and temperature on penguin patchiness. Despite intra‐seasonal variability in population indices, simulations indicate that reliable, robust population trends are possible by including satellite‐related and environmental covariates and aggregating indices across time and space. Our work provides additional parameters that should be included in future models of population size for emperor penguins.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2056-3485 , 2056-3485
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/rse2.v8.2
    DOI: 10.1002/rse2.233
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2825232-9
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