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  • MDPI AG  (8)
  • Ding, Xuhui  (8)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Can the Greening of Financial Markets Be Transmitted to the Real Economy as Desired in China?
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Systems Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2023-03-21), p. 161-
    Details
    In: Systems, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2023-03-21), p. 161-
    Abstract: The greening of financial markets can effectively guide the flow of capital to green and environmental industries, prompt the upgrading and transformation of the green industry, and help China achieve its dual carbon goals. This paper adopts China’s inter-provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020, measures the development level of the real economy in terms of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing using principal component analysis, and selects core indicators such as green credit, green insurance, green investment, and financial market size. In addition, the fixed panel model and differences-in-differences model are used to carry out the research. The results show that: 1. China’s high-quality green development shows an upward trend in general, the real economy tends to be green, and the development in the east, middle, and west is gradually balanced; 2. Green credit and green insurance have a significant inhibitory effect on the development of the real economy, and this inhibitory effect is more evident in the middle and western regions; green investment has a significant positive promotion effect on promoting the development of the real economy; 3. The promulgation and implementation of policies such as the Guidance on Building a Green Financial System can significantly promote the greening of the financial market to the real economy and promote sustainable development. It should continue to promote the greening of the financial market, improve the green financial service system, smooth the transformation path of green finance to the real economy, strengthen the green guidance of the government on the development of the virtual and real economy, promote the green synergistic development of the financial market in the east and west, and promote the high-quality green sustainable development of the region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-8954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/systems11030161
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2663185-4
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    AdvAndMal: Adversarial Training for Android Malware Detection and Family Classification
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Symmetry Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2021-06-17), p. 1081-
    Details
    In: Symmetry, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2021-06-17), p. 1081-
    Abstract: In recent years, Android malware has continued to evolve against detection technologies, becoming more concealed and harmful, making it difficult for existing models to resist adversarial sample attacks. At the current stage, the detection result is no longer the only criterion for evaluating the pros and cons of the model with its algorithms, it is also vital to take the model’s defensive ability against adversarial samples into consideration. In this study, we propose a general framework named AdvAndMal, which consists of a two-layer network for adversarial training to generate adversarial samples and improve the effectiveness of the classifiers in Android malware detection and family classification. The adversarial sample generation layer is composed of a conditional generative adversarial network called pix2pix, which can generate malware variants to extend the classifiers’ training set, and the malware classification layer is trained by RGB image visualized from the sequence of system calls. To evaluate the adversarial training effect of the framework, we propose the robustness coefficient, a symmetric interval i = [−1, 1], and conduct controlled experiments on the dataset to measure the robustness of the overall framework for the adversarial training. Experimental results on 12 families with the largest number of samples in the Drebin dataset show that the accuracy of the overall framework is increased from 0.976 to 0.989, and its robustness coefficient is increased from 0.857 to 0.917, which proves the effectiveness of the adversarial training method.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-8994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/sym13061081
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518382-5
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    MFDroid: A Stacking Ensemble Learning Framework for Android Malware Detection
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2022-03-28), p. 2597-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2022-03-28), p. 2597-
    Abstract: As Android is a popular a mobile operating system, Android malware is on the rise, which poses a great threat to user privacy and security. Considering the poor detection effects of the single feature selection algorithm and the low detection efficiency of traditional machine learning methods, we propose an Android malware detection framework based on stacking ensemble learning—MFDroid—to identify Android malware. In this paper, we used seven feature selection algorithms to select permissions, API calls, and opcodes, and then merged the results of each feature selection algorithm to obtain a new feature set. Subsequently, we used this to train the base learner, and set the logical regression as a meta-classifier, to learn the implicit information from the output of base learners and obtain the classification results. After the evaluation, the F1-score of MFDroid reached 96.0%. Finally, we analyzed each type of feature to identify the differences between malicious and benign applications. At the end of this paper, we present some general conclusions. In recent years, malicious applications and benign applications have been similar in terms of permission requests. In other words, the model of training, only with permission, can no longer effectively or efficiently distinguish malicious applications from benign applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22072597
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    How High-Quality Urbanization Affects Utilization Efficiency of Agricultural Water Resources in the Yellow River Basin under Double Control Action?
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2020-04-03), p. 2869-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2020-04-03), p. 2869-
    Abstract: To promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, the total amount and intensity of agricultural water must be controlled. Further speaking, an urbanization development system should be established that is compatible with water resources and the water environment. We adopted the stochastic frontier analysis model to measure the agricultural water utilization efficiency of the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2017. We also adopted the dynamic panel difference generalized method of moments (GMM) and system GMM models to verify the driving factors, in which population urbanization, economic urbanization, and equilibrium urbanization levels were selected as the key variables. The results show that the overall efficiency of agricultural water utilization maintained a steady upward trend during the research period. The spatial differentiation was generally characterized by higher efficiency levels in the eastern region and lower levels in the western region. The variation coefficient of water utilization efficiency showed a downward trend in general, which indicates a space spillover effect. Agricultural water utilization efficiency continued to converge from 2007 to 2017, and the upper reaches area converged relatively more quickly. Regarding the influencing factors, the population urbanization, economic urbanization, balanced urbanization, crop planting ratio, and rice planting ratio had negative effects on agricultural water utilization efficiency. Urbanization did not positively affect agricultural water use efficiency as the related theories, so urbanization quality and urban–rural integration should be paid more attention. However, technology innovation was significantly positive in agricultural water utilization efficiency. The influencing factors of per capita water availability and annual precipitation did not pass the significance test. Therefore, the government should vigorously promote the development of high-quality new-type urbanization, scientifically formulate the scale and speed of urbanization, strengthen the urban, rural, and industrial integration, and promote the adjustment of planting structures and agricultural deep processing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12072869
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    A Study on the Spatial Correlation Effects of Digital Economy Development in China from a Non-Linear Perspective
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Systems Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2023-01-24), p. 63-
    Details
    In: Systems, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2023-01-24), p. 63-
    Abstract: Accurate analysis of the spatial correlation effects, spatial aggregation patterns, and critical factors in the development of China’s digital economy is of great significance to the high-quality development of China’s economy. Based on the monthly data of “The Tencent Internet Plus” digital economy index for 31 provinces in China from 2018 to 2020, the non-linear Granger causality test and social network analysis were applied to reveal the spatial correlation effects of China’s digital economy. The quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) was used to empirically examine the factors influencing the formation of non-linear spatial association networks. The results show that the spatially linked relationships of the digital economy in 31 Chinese provinces exhibit a significant non-linear spatially correlated network structure. Block model analysis reveals that the development of the digital economy between the four major sectors is closely linked, and the national linkage effect is significant. The results of the secondary assignment procedure indicate that capital stock, information infrastructure, and geographical proximity have a significant positive impact on the formation of spatial linkages in the digital economy. In contrast, technological innovation has a significant negative impact.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-8954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/systems11020063
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2663185-4
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Study on the Evolution of Water Resource Utilization Efficiency in Tibet Autonomous Region and Four Provinces in Tibetan Areas under Double Control Action
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-06-20), p. 3396-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-06-20), p. 3396-
    Abstract: Tibet is the province with the largest international rivers and water resource reserves in China. However, due to its special ecological environment, the utilization of water resources has become an inevitable problem. Considering the undesirable outputs in water resource utilization, the Super-efficiency Slack-based Measure (SE-SBM) model is used to measure water utilization efficiency of Tibet and the Tibetan areas (four provinces where Tibetan areas are located) from 2006 to 2016. The mixed and random panel Tobit model is used to investigate the driving factors of water efficiency and a horizontal comparison between provinces is made on this basis. The results show that the water utilization efficiency of Tibet and the Tibetan areas in four provinces shows a “U-shaped” trend. The water utilization efficiency of most provinces is greater than or close to 1 and the water utilization efficiency of each province shows a constant convergence trend. Environmental regulation and technological innovation have a significant positive effect on water utilization efficiency. Urbanization and foreign direct investment (FDI) have a significant negative effect on water utilization efficiency. Per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and water resource endowment have no significant effect on water utilization efficiency. It is necessary to select a new type of urbanization suitable for the Tibetan Plateau, eliminate the backward production capacity, high water consumption, or high emissions industries, and to strengthen the research and development of water-saving and emission-reduction technology innovation in Tibet.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su11123396
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    Does New Urbanization Support the Rural Inclusive Green Development under Domestic Circulation in China?
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 16, No. 7 ( 2024-04-02), p. 2950-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 7 ( 2024-04-02), p. 2950-
    Abstract: New urbanization is an endogenous driving force to enhance domestic circulation. Driving the development of rural industries with urbanization to achieve interactive symbiosis has become an important topic to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural green. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2021, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for new urbanization and rural inclusive green development, and uses principal component analysis and panel regression model to analyze the impact of new-type urbanization on inclusive green development in rural areas. The results of the study show the following: (1) Rural inclusive green development and new urbanization have been significantly improved during the study period, but there are significant regional differences. (2) The construction of the new urbanization significantly promotes rural inclusive green development, but there is significant spatial heterogeneity. This effect is more significant in the Eastern and Central regions. (3) Population urbanization, land urbanization, social urbanization, and environmental urbanization can effectively promote rural inclusive green development, but economic urbanization will have a negative impact on green development in the countryside during the study period. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the leading role of central cities and urban agglomerations, to promote the countryside with the city and at the same time to combat environmental pollution and to create ecologically livable towns and villages. In addition, the government should strengthen top-level design, provide industrial support to backward areas, improve the spatial layout of urbanization, and promote the deepening of new urbanization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su16072950
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
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  • 8
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    Can New Urbanization Construction Improve Ecological Welfare Performance in the Yangtze River Economic Belt?
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2023-05-29), p. 8758-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2023-05-29), p. 8758-
    Abstract: New urbanization construction can effectively improve resource allocation efficiency and promote high-quality development, so there is practical significance to exploring the relationship between new urbanization construction and ecological welfare performance in order to achieve a win-win situation of ecological environmental protection and high-quality development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. This paper innovatively, from the perspective of input-output, constructs a framework for analyzing the ecological welfare performance, measures the ecological welfare performance of Yangtze River Economic Belt with SE-SBM model, and empirically analyzes the impact of new urbanization on ecological welfare performance using the fixed-effect model. The results showed that: (1). the ecological welfare performance of the Yangtze River Economic Belt showed a U-shaped trend of decreasing and then increasing as a whole. There were significant regional differences in the east, middle, and west of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, especially in the eastern region, a region that has shown an obvious growth trend. (2). Population and land urbanization had a significant negative inhibitory effect on improving ecological welfare performance. On the contrary, economic urbanization and social urbanization had significant positive effects on improving ecological welfare performance. (3). Adopting and implementing policies such as the National New Urbanization Plan (2021–2035) encouraged the co-development of new urbanization and ecological civilizations, promoting new urbanization construction and playing a beneficial role in transforming ecological welfare. So, the Yangtze River Economic Belt should promote a new type of urbanization going forward, promoting green transformation and the upgrading of industries, standardizing the utilization of land resources, improving the well-being of urban residents, and effectively governing urban environmental pollution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15118758
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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