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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Effects of altitude, land use and microsites on early life performance of a high mountain tree: Insights from an in situ sowing experiment
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Diversity and Distributions Vol. 25, No. 10 ( 2019-10), p. 1537-1550
    Details
    In: Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, Vol. 25, No. 10 ( 2019-10), p. 1537-1550
    Abstract: Understanding the forces that drive range shifts in forest landscapes is imperative for predicting species distributions under anthropogenic climate and land use change. However, empirical studies exploring how these components jointly influence critical early life stages of mountain tree species across environmental gradients are scarce. We used the high mountain tree Polylepis australis as model species to investigate the relative importance of altitude and associated climatic conditions, land use for livestock and microsite characteristics on early life performance. Location Córdoba Sierras, central Argentina. Methods We set up an extensive in situ sowing experiment with a robust split‐plot design that integrated spatial scales ranging from 0.4 m 2 subplots at the microsite level (associated with vegetative and microtopographic structures), to livestock exclosure and enclosure plots of several hectares, to an altitudinal gradient of 1,000 m. Components of early life performance were monitored across two subsequent growing seasons. Results Microsite characteristics played a fundamental role in P. australis establishment, whereby interactions with altitude and/or land use suggested alternate mechanisms: facilitation (likely reduced desiccation) dominated at low altitude while at high altitude, abiotic stress (likely intensive frost and radiation) overruled any microsite effects. At mid‐altitude, benefits of competition release prevailed over facilitation and microsite effects gained importance under livestock presence. Inconsistencies between pre‐ and post‐emergence responses illustrated potential trade‐offs between beneficial and detrimental effects of microsite conditions upon performance throughout early life: a favourable location for seeds may abruptly turn adverse for seedlings. Main conclusions We unravel how changes in altitude, anthropogenic disturbances and microsite characteristics jointly modulate P. australis performance across stages of early establishment. Such information is fundamental when categorizing specific microhabitats as “safe sites” for tree regeneration especially in mountain environments with high spatio‐temporal heterogeneity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1366-9516 , 1472-4642
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.v25.10
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12956
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020139-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1443181-6
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  • 2
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    Disentangling the climatic and biotic factors driving changes in the dynamics of Quercus suber populations across the species‘ latitudinal range
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Diversity and Distributions Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2019-04), p. 524-535
    Details
    In: Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2019-04), p. 524-535
    Abstract: Impacts of different global change drivers are altering the performance of plant species worldwide. However, these pressures usually differ across the species' distribution range. To properly assess the combined effect of global change at species level, we need to evaluate its consequences across their complete distribution. We focused on recent decline in Cork oak ( Quercus suber L.) populations given its high ecological and economic relevance. Location We selected 10 different sites (and two populations per site) separated about one degree in latitude across the core distribution of Q. suber , following a transcontinental aridity gradient. Methods To evaluate the current trends in population dynamics across the species' distribution and the factors implied on population decline, we evaluated the effect of latitude, aridity, pathogens ( Phytophthora cinnamomi ), stand density and tree size on seed and crop size, demographic structure, dominance of recruitment bank, defoliation and mortality. Results We found an increase in seed weight as latitude decreased, with a homogeneous low crop size across the complete distribution. Demographic structure was determined by latitude, precipitation and pathogen abundance. We detected a trend towards reduced sapling densities towards the southern edge of the distribution, with a demographic structure dominated by old trees. The low sapling density at the southern edge translates into a loss of dominance with respect to other woody species, suggesting an alteration of community structure in the mid‐term future. Tree density, precipitation and pathogen abundance determined tree mortality across the species distribution, with a higher abundance of pathogens in central‐latitude populations. Main conclusions Our results allow the early detection of declining trends and the evaluation of the main risks for species' conservation, suggesting potential for range displacement of the species driven by the recruitment failure at the southern edge of the distribution and a likely range expansion at northern populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1366-9516 , 1472-4642
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.2019.25.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12873
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020139-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1443181-6
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  • 3
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    Lost at high latitudes: Arctic and endemic plants under threat as climate warms
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Diversity and Distributions Vol. 25, No. 5 ( 2019-05), p. 809-821
    Details
    In: Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, Vol. 25, No. 5 ( 2019-05), p. 809-821
    Abstract: Species’ biogeographical patterns are already being altered by climate change. Here, we provide predictions of the impacts of a changing climate on species’ geographical ranges within high‐latitude mountain flora on a sub‐continental scale. We then examined the forecasted changes in relation to species’ biogeographic histories. Location Fennoscandia, Northern Europe (55–72°N). Methods We examined the sensitivity of 164 high‐latitude mountain species to changing climate by modelling their distributions in regard to climate, local topography and geology at a 1 km 2 resolution. Using an ensemble of six statistical modelling techniques and data on current (1981–2010) and future (2070–2099) climate based on three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 8.5), we developed projections of current and future ranges. Results The average species richness of the mountain flora is predicted to decrease by 15%–47% per 1 km 2 cell, depending on the climate scenario considered. Arctic flora is projected to undergo severe range loss along with non‐poleward range contractions, while alpine flora is forecasted to find suitable habitat in a warmer North. A substantial majority (71%–92%) of the studied species are projected to lose more than half of their present range by the year 2100. Species predicted to lose all suitable habitat had ranges centred in the northernmost ( 〉 68°N) part of continental Europe. Main conclusions Climate change is predicted to substantially diminish the extent and richness of Europe's high‐latitude mountain flora. Interestingly, species' biogeographic histories affect their vulnerability to climate change. The vulnerability of true Arctic and endemic species marks them as highly important for conservation decisions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1366-9516 , 1472-4642
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.2019.25.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12889
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020139-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1443181-6
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  • 4
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    Integrating ontogeny and ontogenetic dependency into community assembly
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 111, No. 7 ( 2023-07), p. 1561-1574
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 111, No. 7 ( 2023-07), p. 1561-1574
    Abstract: Many studies of community assembly focus on a single ontogenetic stage (typically adults) when trying to infer assembly processes from patterns of biodiversity. This focus ignores the finding that assembly mechanisms may strongly differ between life‐stages, and the role of ontogenetic dependency: the mechanisms by which one life stage directly affects the composition of another life stage. Within a 4‐ha forest dynamics plot in California USA, we explored how the relative importance of multiple assembly processes shifts across life stages and assessed ontogenetic dependency of seedlings on adults in woody plant communities. To assess variation in assembly processes across life stages, we examined how β ‐diversity of adult and seedling communities were each influenced by space and 13 environmental variables (soils, topography) using distance‐based redundancy analysis and variation partitioning. We then assessed the ontogenetic dependency of seedlings on adults by including adult composition as a predictor in the seedling community variation partitioning. We found differences between adult and seedling composition. For the adults, we found 18 species including pines, oaks and manzanitas characteristic of this mid‐elevation forest. For seedlings, we found 11 species, and that oaks made up 75% of all seedlings while only making up 45% of all adults. Adult β ‐diversity was primarily explained by space (44.0%) with environment only explaining 18.6% and 37.4% unexplained. In contrast, most of the explained variation in seedling β ‐diversity was due to ontogenetic dependency alone (13.6% explained by adult composition) with 1.6% explained by space and the environment jointly, and 62.8% unexplained. Synthesis : Here, we describe a conceptual framework for integrating ontogeny more explicitly into community assembly research and demonstrate how different assembly processes structured adult and seedling β ‐diversity in a temperate dry forest. While adult β ‐diversity was largely driven by spatial processes, seedling β ‐diversity was largely unexplained, with ontogenetic dependency comprising most of the explained variation. These patterns suggest that future assembly research should consider how assembly processes and their underlying mechanisms may shift with ontogeny, and that interactions between ontogenetic stages (ontogenetic dependency) are critical to consider when assessing variation in assembly processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.v111.7
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14132
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3023-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004136-6
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  • 5
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    Global fading of the temperature–growth coupling at alpine and polar treelines
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 27, No. 9 ( 2021-05), p. 1879-1889
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 9 ( 2021-05), p. 1879-1889
    Abstract: Climate warming is expected to positively alter upward and poleward treelines which are controlled by low temperature and a short growing season. Despite the importance of treelines as a bioassay of climate change, a global field assessment and posterior forecasting of tree growth at annual scales is lacking. Using annually resolved tree‐ring data located across Eurasia and the Americas, we quantified and modeled the relationship between temperature and radial growth at treeline during the 20th century. We then tested whether this temperature–growth association will remain stable during the 21st century using a forward model under two climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). During the 20th century, growth enhancements were common in most sites, and temperature and growth showed positive trends. Interestingly, the relationship between temperature and growth trends was contingent on tree age suggesting biogeographic patterns in treeline growth are contingent on local factors besides climate warming. Simulations forecast temperature–growth decoupling during the 21st century. The growing season at treeline is projected to lengthen and growth rates would increase and become less dependent on temperature rise. These forecasts illustrate how growth may decouple from climate warming in cold regions and near the margins of tree existence. Such projected temperature–growth decoupling could impact ecosystem processes in mountain and polar biomes, with feedbacks on climate warming.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v27.9
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15530
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1281439-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 6
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    Biogeography of plant‐associated fungal symbionts in mountain ecosystems: A meta‐analysis
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Diversity and Distributions Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2017-09), p. 1067-1077
    Details
    In: Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2017-09), p. 1067-1077
    Abstract: Predicting the potential for climate change to disrupt host–microbe symbioses requires basic knowledge of the biogeography of these consortia. In plants, fungal symbionts can ameliorate the abiotic stressors that accompany climate warming and thus could influence plants under a changing climate. Forecasting future plant–microbe interactions first requires knowledge of current fungal symbiont distributions, which are poorly resolved relative to the distributions of plants. Location We used meta‐analysis to summarize the biogeographic distributions of plant‐fungal symbionts in mountain ecosystems worldwide, because these ecosystems are likely to be among the first to experience climate change‐induced range shifts. Methods We analysed 374 records from 53 publications to identify general trends, pinpoint areas in need of greater study and develop reporting guidelines to facilitate future syntheses. Results Elevational patterns varied strongly among fungal and plant functional groups. Fungal diversity and abundance increased with altitude for the ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and localized foliar endophytes declined in either abundance or diversity with altitude. In shrubs, fungal abundance increased with elevation, but in C 3 grasses, fungal abundance declined with elevation. Altitudinal patterns in fungal composition were stronger than gradients in fungal abundance or diversity, suggesting that species turnover contributes more to elevational gradients in fungal symbionts than does variation in abundance or richness. Plant functional groups were overrepresented by C 3 grasses and trees, with surprisingly few data on sedges or shrubs, despite their ecological dominance in mountain ecosystems. Similarly, epichloae, ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and root endophytes were understudied relative to other fungal groups. Main Conclusions Meta‐analysis revealed broad biogeographic patterns in plant‐fungal symbiont abundance, diversity and composition that inform predictions of future distributions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1366-9516 , 1472-4642
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.2017.23.issue-9
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12595
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020139-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1443181-6
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  • 7
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    Enough space in a warmer world? Microhabitat diversity and small‐scale distribution of alpine plants on mountain summits
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Diversity and Distributions Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2018-02), p. 252-261
    Details
    In: Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2018-02), p. 252-261
    Abstract: Global warming is predicted to shift distributions of mountain species upwards, driven by a release from climatic restrictions at their upper distribution limit and increased biotic pressure at their lower distribution limit. In alpine ecosystems, which are characterized by large microclimatic diversity and sparse vegetation cover, the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers for species distribution is poorly understood. To disentangle abiotic and biotic mechanisms affecting distributions of alpine species, we investigated how alpine plant species with differing elevational ranges and frequency trends over the past century differ in their microhabitat distribution, and how they respond to neighbouring vegetation. Location A total of 11 summits (2635—3410 m a.s.l.) in SE ‐Switzerland. Methods We quantified the microscale abundance of 12 species in relation to biogeographic (frequency trend, i.e., change in occurrences over the past century, and elevational range on summits) and local microhabitat characteristics (temperature, substrate type). We assessed species size traits in relation to neighbouring vegetation characteristics to investigate possible neighbour interactions. Results Species with increasing frequency on summits over the past century were most abundant on scree and warmer slopes. Species with negative or stable frequency trends on summits were more abundant on organic soil and colder slopes. The preferred microhabitats of the latter were rarest overall, decreased with increasing elevation, and had the most competitive neighbours. Size of one high‐alpine specialist, Ranunculus glacialis was negatively related to cover of neighbouring vegetation, whereas other species showed no response to neighbours. Main conclusions Long‐term frequency trends of species correlate with their microhabitat association. Species with most negative frequency trends show preferences for the rarest microhabitat conditions, where they likely experience higher competitive pressure in a warming climate. This finding emphasizes the importance of characterizing microhabitat associations and microclimatic diversity to assess present and future distributions of alpine plant species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1366-9516 , 1472-4642
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.2018.24.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12673
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020139-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1443181-6
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  • 8
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    Plant niche breadths along environmental gradients and their relationship to plant functional traits
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Diversity and Distributions Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2018-12), p. 1869-1882
    Details
    In: Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2018-12), p. 1869-1882
    Abstract: We tested whether plant species niche breadths decrease with increasing species richness due to competition on temperature, precipitation and disturbance gradients. We assumed that niche optima, niche breadth and niche volume are related to plant functional traits, indicating competitive ability and adaptation to environmental stress. Finally, we wanted to identify habitats dominated by species with small niche breadths most prone to environmental change. Location Southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Methods We calculated species distribution models for 1,492 plant species based on the presence/absence data on 969 plots using generalized linear models. We derived niche breadths, optima and volumes and investigated their relationship with plant functional traits with principal component regression to account for high trait correlations. Results Niche breadths of individual species increased with elevation, precipitation and disturbance. Averaged community elevation niche breadth and niche volume decreased with increasing species richness. Plant functional traits explained about 40% and 50% of the variation in niche optima and breadths, respectively. Size and growth traits were significant predictors of niche breadths on all gradients, whereas traits indicating reproductive strategy were not significant on the precipitation gradient. Main conclusions Our results support the notion of decreasing niche breadth with increasing temperature, possibly a result of competition due to increased diversification rates and hence species richness. However, the complexity of the niche breadth–species richness patterns on the other gradients shows that additional covariables shape species niche breadths apart from competition. Plant species with narrow niche breadths dominated natural savannas around Mount Kilimanjaro, indicating strong sensitivity to the ongoing conversion of savanna to fields and grasslands.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1366-9516 , 1472-4642
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.2018.24.issue-12
    DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12815
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020139-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1443181-6
    SSG: 12
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