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  • 1
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    Processing and analysis of large volumes of satellite‐derived thermal infrared data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1987
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 92, No. C12 ( 1987-11-15), p. 12993-13002
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 92, No. C12 ( 1987-11-15), p. 12993-13002
    Abstract: Reducing the large volume of TIROS‐N series advanced very high resolution radiometer‐derived data to a practical size for application to regional physcial oceanographic studies is a formidable task. Such data exist on a global basis for January 1979 to the present at approximately 4‐km resolution (global area coverage data, ≈2 passes per day) and in selected areas at high resolution (local area coverage and high‐resolution picture transmission data, at ≈1‐km resolution) for the same period. An approach that has been successful for a number of studies off the east coast of the United States divided the processing into two procedures: preprocessing and data reduction. The preprocessing procedure can reduce the data volume per satellite pass by over 98% for full‐resolution data or by ≈84% for the lower‐resolution data while the number of passes remains unchanged. The output of the preprocessing procedure for the examples presented is a set of sea surface temperature (SST) fields of 512 × 1024 pixels covering a region of approximately 2000 × 4000 km. In the data reduction procedure the number of SST fields (beginning with one per satellite pass) is generally reduced to a number manageable from the analyst's perspective (of the order of one SST field per day). This is done in most of the applications presented by compositing the data into 1‐ or 2‐day groups. The phenomena readily addressed by such procedures are the mean position of the Gulf Stream, the envelope of Gulf Stream meandering, cold core Gulf Stream ring trajectories, statistics on diurnal warming, and the region and period of 18°C water formation. The flexibility of this approach to regional oceanographic problems will certainly extend the list of applications quickly.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC092iC12p12993
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1987
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  • 2
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    Calibration of advanced very high resolution radiometer infrared observations
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1985
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 90, No. C6 ( 1985-11-20), p. 11667-11677
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 90, No. C6 ( 1985-11-20), p. 11667-11677
    Abstract: A detailed analysis of the calibration procedures for the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) based on thermal vacuum test data was performed as part of the Warm Core Rings Experiment. We find systematic differences in the derived calibration results and those reported in the various addenda to work by Lauritson et al. (1979). A weak, but important, dependence in calibration upon internal operating temperature is also observed. Calibration results for various AVHRR radiometers show instrument specific changes in the relative emittance between internal and external calibration targets. A consistent calibration methodology is developed based on this analysis of the thermal vacuum test data. Use of these new results provides an improvement of radiometer calibration at the ±0.2°C level. Such an improvement is quite important to the absolute accuracy of surface thermal fields which are derived from these data utilizing various multichannel atmospheric water vapor correction schemes. Demonstration of such accuracies with presently operational sensors is of importance to climate related studies being planned for the next decade since it shows that appropriate processing can lead to higher‐quality SST fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC090iC06p11667
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1985
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  • 3
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    A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1988
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 93, No. D9 ( 1988-09-20), p. 10909-10924
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 93, No. D9 ( 1988-09-20), p. 10909-10924
    Abstract: A semianalytical radiance model is developed which predicts the upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of the phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters. The model is in good agreement with experimental measurements carried out in waters which were not included in the data base used to derive it. It suggests that the observed variability in the radiance is due to variations in the backscattering of plankton and the associated detrital material. The model is extended to include other material in the water, such as dissolved organic material, referred to as yellow substances, and detached coccoliths from coccolithophorids, e.g., Emiliana huxleyi . Potential applications include an improved bio‐optical algorithm for the retrieval of pigment concentrations from satellite imagery in the presence of interference from detached coccoliths and an improved atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The model also serves to identify and to interpret deviations from Case 1 waters.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JD093iD09p10909
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1988
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  • 4
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    Calibration of advanced very high resolution radiometer infrared channels: A new approach to nonlinear correction
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1993
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 98, No. C10 ( 1993-10-15), p. 18257-18268
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 98, No. C10 ( 1993-10-15), p. 18257-18268
    Abstract: A detailed reanalysis of the calibration procedures for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) based on thermal‐vacuum test data was performed as part of the National Air and Space Administration/NOAA AVHRR Pathfinder Project. This effort, a followup to work by Brown et al. (1985), was motivated by the finding that the AVHRR instruments on several NOAA platforms have been routinely operated outside the range of thermal‐vacuum test results, and thus one could not interpolate nonlinear corrections directly from earlier methods. These new calibration procedures permit calculation of nonlinear temperature corrections for any AVHRR operating temperature based on a second‐order polynomial regression with a total calibration accuracy relative to an external calibration standard of less than two digital counts (±0.2°C). Such an improvement is quite important to the absolute accuracy of surface thermal fields, which are derived from these data utilizing various multichannel atmospheric water vapor correction schemes. We find systematic differences in the newly derived nonlinear correction results and those reported previously by Weinreb et al. (1990) and the original reference material in the various addenda to NOAA NESS Technical Memorandum 107 (Lauritson et al., 1979). Calibration results for various AVHRR radiometers show instrument‐similar corrections for each band. Radiometers on NOAA platforms 8‐12 demonstrate similar nonlinearities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93JC01638
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1993
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  • 5
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    Advances in satellite oceanography
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1983
    In:  Reviews of Geophysics Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 1983-06), p. 1216-1230
    Details
    In: Reviews of Geophysics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 1983-06), p. 1216-1230
    Abstract: Progress has been made in the past four years by U.S. scientists in the development and application of active and passive satellite remote sensing techniques to the study of oceanic processes. This report summarizes technical advances and recent applications. Major advances have been made in developing and applying quantitative measurements from active and passive satellite based sensor systems launched in the late 1970's and that proven methodologies now exist to observe sea surface temperature, ocean elevation, ocean color, surface wind stress and waves, and to locate free drifting buoy data collection platforms. Many of the advances in technique and application have occurred using sensors which were experimental, i.e., not part of an operational satellite observing system. Consequently future geophysical application and development of advanced techniques to enhance our understanding of the ocean will probably be limited in the next five years by data availability rather than our knowledge of how to apply given satellite observations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-1209 , 1944-9208
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/RG021i005p01216
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 6
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    Gulf Stream frontal statistics from Florida Straits to Cape Hatteras derived from satellite and historical data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1983
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 88, No. C8 ( 1983-05-30), p. 4569-4577
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 88, No. C8 ( 1983-05-30), p. 4569-4577
    Abstract: A 5 year record (1976–1980) of weekly Gulf Stream paths digitized from the U.S. Navy Ocean Frontal Analysis is analyzed to define a mean Gulf Stream path and weekly space‐time series of fluctuations about the mean between the Florida Straits and Cape Hatteras. This satellite‐derived Gulf Stream frontal mean locus is used as a natural coordinate system in which NODC historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data is averaged to determine the mean cross stream hermal structure. The results show that the satellite‐derived front; that is, the cold wall of the stream as derived from IR imagery is in good agreement with a classical definition of the stream path. The Gulf Stream path is discussed in relationship to the bottom topography. Frontal location time series at various locations along the Gulf Stream are analyzed to generate occupation statistics and spectra for stream position. A steady increase in the variance of stream position occurs from Cape Canaveral to the Charleston Bump. This trend is followed by a sharp increase in variance just downstream of the bump and then a gradual decay from approximately 33°N to Cape Hatteras. A similar distribution of variance is found in the depth of the 15°C isotherm. An annual signal is seen in the path data all along the U.S. east coast. The stream front north of Charleston (∼32°N) exhibits the strongest annual variation with the surface front being further offshore in the late winter and early spring. This annual signal is not obvious at the thermocline level (15°C). It is consistent, however, with observed shifts in the isotherm patterns in the upper 100 m.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC088iC08p04569
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 7
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    Remote Sensing of Shelf Sea Hydrodynamics
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1985
    In:  Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union Vol. 66, No. 34 ( 1985-08-20), p. 605-605
    Details
    In: Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 66, No. 34 ( 1985-08-20), p. 605-605
    Abstract: This volume, edited by Nihoul, is a collection of papers by participants in the 15th Liege Colloquium, held in 1983. Although the title is somewhat daunting, the premise is a good one, i.e., “What can one learn about the basic theory of shelf‐sea hydrodynamics by using remote sensing?” As with any such collection, some papers hit the mark (e.g., T. Nishimura et al., S. Onishi, and J. Witling), others give focus to the work (e.g., J. Nihoul, R. Pingree), while other work seems but distantly related to the subject at hand (e.g., the contributions of J. Gower and of S. Lin et al.). In the following review, I will try to give the reader a flavor for the volume's 18 sections. The book can be split into four themes: introduction to remote sensing, use of remote sensing and models, use of remote sensing to study oceanic variability, and optical oceanography.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0096-3941 , 2324-9250
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/EO066i034p00605-01
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1985
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  • 8
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    Eddy and wave dynamics in the South Atlantic as diagnosed from Geosat altimeter data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1993
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 98, No. C7 ( 1993-07-15), p. 12297-12314
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 98, No. C7 ( 1993-07-15), p. 12297-12314
    Abstract: Almost 3 years of Geosat data were analyzed to ascertain the characteristics of the sea surface height variability in the South Atlantic. The nature of the sea surface height field is shown to be nonstationary, heterogeneous, and anisotropic. In particular, the wavenumber spectral characteristics of the sea surface height field, such as spectral slopes, shape, breaks in spectral slopes, and energy density values, vary with latitude and longitude within the basin. The spectral slopes exhibit a spectral dependence approaching k −5 in the high energy areas and k −3 in the low energy areas. Along‐track characteristic wavelengths are found to decrease from north (500 km) to south (300 km) and from west to east. The (eddy available potential) energy exhibits maximum values in the highly energetic eddy shedding regions of the Malvinas‐Brazil confluence and the Agulhas leakage region. Mean frequency spectra, calculated from time series of sea surface height variability at crossover points, reveal evidence of annual and semiannual signatures with energy levels reaching 1000 cm 2 in the high‐energy western and eastern systems. These values represent 20% of the energy found for periods of 100 days or less, which is the time scale of the mesoscale variability. Baroclinic Rossby waves with periods of 400–500 days are found to propagate away from the eddy‐shedding region of the Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic. The phase (energy) of these planetary waves propagates toward the west‐southwest (west‐northwest) from their source near the southern tip of Africa. Correlation functions in space (both in the zonal and along‐track directions) and time lag corroborate these findings. Zonal and meridional wavenumbers were calculated using a simple wavenumber projection technique which takes into a count the anisotropic property of the wave field. The resultant wavelengths (approximately 250 km) are consistent with those calculated from the dispersion relation for baroclinic Rossby waves. These waves propagate with a group speed of 0.4 cm s −1 and provide a net energy flux from the Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic toward the western boundary and the equator across 25°S.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93JC00405
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1993
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  • 9
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    Chronology of warm‐core ring 82B
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1985
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 90, No. C5 ( 1985-09-20), p. 8803-8811
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 90, No. C5 ( 1985-09-20), p. 8803-8811
    Abstract: A chronology constructed from satellite‐derived thermal imagery is presented to describe the formation and life history of warm‐core ring 82B. This overview provides insight into a classification of features and discrete events associated with Gulf Stream warm‐core rings and allows these events, as well as our limited shipboard observations, to be placed in a broader spatial and temporal context than would otherwise be possible without the satellite data. Events influencing the evolution of 82B include environmental factors, such as meteorological influences and Gulf Stream interactions, as well as those stimulated by encounters with changes in bottom topography. The interactions of the ring with surrounding waters are especially noteworthy, and the existence of vortex‐vortex interactions is shown to be a significant cause of local water advection through streamer activity. Ring events are documented by following changes in ring size, shape, translation, and surface thermal structure. Our satellite observations are supported by extensive contemporaneous shipboard observations, including XBT, CTD, BOPS (biooptical profiling system) temperature profiles, and along‐track sea surface temperature measurements. In addition, acoustic velocity profiling and drifter trajectories have been used to corroborate hydrographic features of the ring and environs. These ship and satellite data form a coherent space/time overview of the ring and its environment and show them to be closely related and continually interacting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC090iC05p08803
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1985
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  • 10
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    Gulf Stream remote forcing of shelfbreak currents in the Mid-Atlantic Bight
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1988
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 1988-05), p. 405-407
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 1988-05), p. 405-407
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/GL015i005p00405
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1988
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