In:
Journal of Instrumentation, IOP Publishing, Vol. 18, No. 04 ( 2023-04-01), p. P04014-
Abstract:
The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an
Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole.
The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter
to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at
depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage
of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With
two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the
successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the
Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The
signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of
240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to
multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the
310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the
sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in
data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
ISSN:
1748-0221
DOI:
10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014
Language:
Unknown
Publisher:
IOP Publishing
Publication Date:
2023
detail.hit.zdb_id:
2235672-1
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