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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A 130‐year global inventory of methane emissions from livestock: Trends, patterns, and drivers
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 28, No. 17 ( 2022-09), p. 5142-5158
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 17 ( 2022-09), p. 5142-5158
    Abstract: Livestock contributes approximately one‐third of global anthropogenic methane (CH 4 ) emissions. Quantifying the spatial and temporal variations of these emissions is crucial for climate change mitigation. Although country‐level information is reported regularly through national inventories and global databases, spatially explicit quantification of century‐long dynamics of CH 4 emissions from livestock has been poorly investigated. Using the Tier 2 method adopted from the 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC guidelines, we estimated CH 4 emissions from global livestock at a spatial resolution of 0.083° (~9 km at the equator) during the period 1890–2019. We find that global CH 4 emissions from livestock increased from 31.8 [26.5–37.1] (mean [minimum−maximum of 95% confidence interval) Tg CH 4 yr −1 in 1890 to 131.7 [109.6–153.7] Tg CH 4 yr −1 in 2019, a fourfold increase in the past 130 years. The growth in global CH 4 emissions mostly occurred after 1950 and was mainly attributed to the cattle sector. Our estimate shows faster growth in livestock CH 4 emissions as compared to the previous Tier 1 estimates and is ~20% higher than the estimate from FAOSTAT for the year 2019. Regionally, South Asia, Brazil, North Africa, China, the United States, Western Europe, and Equatorial Africa shared the majority of the global emissions in the 2010s. South Asia, tropical Africa, and Brazil have dominated the growth in global CH 4 emissions from livestock in the recent three decades. Changes in livestock CH 4 emissions were primarily associated with changes in population and national income and were also affected by the policy, diet shifts, livestock productivity improvement, and international trade. The new geospatial information on the magnitude and trends of livestock CH 4 emissions identifies emission hotspots and spatial–temporal patterns, which will help to guide meaningful CH 4 mitigation practices in the livestock sector at both local and global scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v28.17
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16280
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantification of global and national nitrogen budgets for crop production
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Nature Food Vol. 2, No. 7 ( 2021-07-15), p. 529-540
    Details
    In: Nature Food, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 7 ( 2021-07-15), p. 529-540
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2662-1355
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00318-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3002034-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global nitrous oxide emissions from livestock manure during 1890–2020: An IPCC tier 2 inventory
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 30, No. 5 ( 2024-05)
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 5 ( 2024-05)
    Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from livestock manure contribute significantly to the growth of atmospheric N 2 O, a powerful greenhouse gas and dominant ozone‐depleting substance. Here, we estimate global N 2 O emissions from livestock manure during 1890–2020 using the tier 2 approach of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Global N 2 O emissions from livestock manure increased by ~350% from 451 [368–556] Gg N year −1 in 1890 to 2042 [1677–2514] Gg N year −1 in 2020. These emissions contributed ~30% to the global anthropogenic N 2 O emissions in the decade 2010–2019. Cattle contributed the most (60%) to the increase, followed by poultry (19%), pigs (15%), and sheep and goats (6%). Regionally, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America dominated the growth in global emissions since the 1990s. Nationally, the largest emissions were found in India (329 Gg N year −1 ), followed by China (267 Gg N year −1 ), the United States (163 Gg N year −1 ), Brazil (129 Gg N year −1 ) and Pakistan (102 Gg N year −1 ) in the 2010s. We found a substantial impact of livestock productivity, specifically animal body weight and milk yield, on the emission trends. Furthermore, a large spread existed among different methodologies in estimates of global N 2 O emission from livestock manure, with our results 20%–25% lower than those based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. This study highlights the need for robust time‐variant model parameterization and continuous improvement of emissions factors to enhance the precision of emission inventories. Additionally, urgent mitigation is required, as all available inventories indicate a rapid increase in global N 2 O emissions from livestock manure in recent decades.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v30.5
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17303
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world's grassland: 1860–2016
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2019-02-01), p. 175-187
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2019-02-01), p. 175-187
    Abstract: Abstract. Production and application to soils of manure excreta from livestock farming significantly perturb the global nutrient balance and result in significant greenhouse gas emissions that warm the earth's climate. Despite much attention paid to synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer and manure N applications to croplands, spatially explicit, continuous time-series datasets of manure and fertilizer N inputs on pastures and rangelands are lacking. We developed three global gridded datasets at a resolution of 0.5∘ × 0.5∘ for the period 1860–2016 (i.e., annual manure N deposition (by grazing animals) rate, synthetic N fertilizer and N manure application rates), by combining annual and 5 arcmin spatial data on pastures and rangelands with country-level statistics on livestock manure, mineral and chemical fertilizers, and land use information for cropland and permanent meadows and pastures. Based on the new data products, we estimated that total N inputs, the sum of manure N deposition, manure N application and fertilizer N application to pastures and rangelands, increased globally from 15 to 101 Tg N yr−1 during 1860–2016. In particular during the period 2000–2016, livestock manure N deposition accounted for 83 % of the total N inputs, whereas manure and fertilizer N application accounted 9 % and 8 %, respectively. At the regional scale, hotspots of manure N deposition remained largely similar during the period 1860–2016 (i.e., southern Asia, Africa and South America); however, hotspots of manure and fertilizer N application shifted from Europe to southern Asia in the early 21st century. The new three global datasets contribute to the filling of the previous data gaps of global and regional N inputs in pastures and rangelands, improving the abilities of ecosystem and earth system models to investigate the global impacts of N enrichment due to agriculture, in terms of associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental sustainability issues. Datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.892940.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-175-2019
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-175-2019-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparing national greenhouse gas budgets reported in UNFCCC inventories against atmospheric inversions
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022-04-11), p. 1639-1675
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022-04-11), p. 1639-1675
    Abstract: Abstract. In support of the global stocktake of the Paris Agreement on climate change, this study presents a comprehensive framework to process the results of an ensemble of atmospheric inversions in order to make their net ecosystem exchange (NEE) carbon dioxide (CO2) flux suitable for evaluating national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) submitted by countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). From inversions we also deduced anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions regrouped into fossil and agriculture and waste emissions, as well as anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. To compare inversion results with national reports, we compiled a new global harmonized database of emissions and removals from periodical UNFCCC inventories by Annex I countries, and from sporadic and less detailed emissions reports by non-Annex I countries, given by national communications and biennial update reports. No gap filling was applied. The method to reconcile inversions with inventories is applied to selected large countries covering ∼90 % of the global land carbon uptake for CO2 and top emitters of CH4 and N2O. Our method uses results from an ensemble of global inversions produced by the Global Carbon Project for the three greenhouse gases, with ancillary data. We examine the role of CO2 fluxes caused by lateral transfer processes from rivers and from trade in crop and wood products and the role of carbon uptake in unmanaged lands, both not accounted for by NGHGIs. Here we show that, despite a large spread across the inversions, the median of available inversion models points to a larger terrestrial carbon sink than inventories over temperate countries or groups of countries of the Northern Hemisphere like Russia, Canada and the European Union. For CH4, we find good consistency between the inversions assimilating only data from the global in situ network and those using satellite CH4 retrievals and a tendency for inversions to diagnose higher CH4 emission estimates than reported by NGHGIs. In particular, oil- and gas-extracting countries in central Asia and the Persian Gulf region tend to systematically report lower emissions compared to those estimated by inversions. For N2O, inversions tend to produce higher anthropogenic emissions than inventories for tropical countries, even when attempting to consider only managed land emissions. In the inventories of many non-Annex I countries, this can be tentatively attributed to a lack of reporting indirect N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition and from leaching to rivers, to the existence of natural sources intertwined with managed lands, or to an underestimation of N2O emission factors for direct agricultural soil emissions. Inversions provide insights into seasonal and interannual greenhouse gas fluxes anomalies, e.g., during extreme events such as drought or abnormal fire episodes, whereas inventory methods are established to estimate trends and multi-annual changes. As a much denser sampling of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations by different satellites coordinated into a global constellation is expected in the coming years, the methodology proposed here to compare inversion results with inventory reports (e.g., NGHGIs) could be applied regularly for monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation policy and progress by countries to meet the objective of their pledges. The dataset constructed by this study is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5089799 (Deng et al., 2021).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-1639-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-1639-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    History of anthropogenic Nitrogen inputs (HaNi) to the terrestrial biosphere: a 5 arcmin resolution annual dataset from 1860 to 2019
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-10-18), p. 4551-4568
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-10-18), p. 4551-4568
    Abstract: Abstract. Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs to the biosphere have disrupted the global nitrogen cycle. To better quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic N inputs, assess their impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of the planet and the living organisms, and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for sustainable development, we have developed a comprehensive and synthetic dataset for reconstructing the History of anthropogenic Nitrogen inputs (HaNi) to the terrestrial biosphere. The HaNi dataset takes advantage of different data sources in a spatiotemporally consistent way to generate a set of high-resolution gridded N input products from the preindustrial period to the present (1860–2019). The HaNi dataset includes annual rates of synthetic N fertilizer, manure application/deposition, and atmospheric N deposition on cropland, pasture, and rangeland at a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin × 5 arcmin. Specifically, the N inputs are categorized, according to the N forms and land uses, into 10 types: (1) NH4+-N fertilizer applied to cropland, (2) NO3--N fertilizer applied to cropland, (3) NH4+-N fertilizer applied to pasture, (4) NO3--N fertilizer applied to pasture, (5) manure N application on cropland, (6) manure N application on pasture, (7) manure N deposition on pasture, (8) manure N deposition on rangeland, (9) NHx-N deposition, and (10) NOy-N deposition. The total anthropogenic N (TN) inputs to global terrestrial ecosystems increased from 29.05 Tg N yr−1 in the 1860s to 267.23 Tg N yr−1 in the 2010s, with the dominant N source changing from atmospheric N deposition (before the 1900s) to manure N (in the 1910s–2000s) and then to synthetic fertilizer in the 2010s. The proportion of synthetic NH4+-N in fertilizer input increased from 64 % in the 1960s to 90 % in the 2010s, while synthetic NO3--N fertilizer decreased from 36 % in the 1960s to 10 % in the 2010s. Hotspots of TN inputs shifted from Europe and North America to East and South Asia during the 1960s–2010s. Such spatial and temporal dynamics captured by the HaNi dataset are expected to facilitate a comprehensive assessment of the coupled human–Earth system and address a variety of social welfare issues, such as the climate–biosphere feedback, air pollution, water quality, and biodiversity. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.942069 (Tian et al., 2022).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-4551-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-4551-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Nature Vol. 586, No. 7828 ( 2020-10-08), p. 248-256
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 586, No. 7828 ( 2020-10-08), p. 248-256
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
    SSG: 11
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