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  • 1
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    Seasonal variability of Martian ion escape through the plume and tail from MAVEN observations (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-06
    Description: We study the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft observations of Martian planetary ion escape during two time periods: 11 November 2014 to 19 March 2015 and 4 June 2015 to 24 October 2015, with the focus on understanding the seasonal variability of Martian ion escape in response to the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux. We organize the 〉6 eV O + ion data by the upstream electric field direction to estimate the escape rates through the plume and tail. To investigate the ion escape dependence on the solar EUV flux, we constrain the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic filed strength and compare the ion escape rates through the plume and tail in different energy ranges under high and low EUV conditions. We found that the total 〉6 eV O + escape rate increases from 2 to 3 × 10 24  s −1 as the EUV irradiance increases by almost the same factor, mostly on the 〈1 keV tailward escape. The plume escape rate does not vary significantly with EUV. The relative contribution from the plume to the total escape varies between ~30% and ~20% from low to high EUV. Our results suggest that the Martian ion escape is sensitive to the seasonal EUV variation, and the contribution from plume escape becomes more important under low EUV conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    TLR Interacts with CREBH to Modulate HDL [Molecular Bases of Disease] (2016)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-29
    Description: Bacterial endotoxin can induce inflammatory and metabolic changes in the host. In this study, we revealed a molecular mechanism by which a stress-inducible, liver-enriched transcription factor, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein hepatic-specific (CREBH), modulates lipid profiles to protect the liver from injuries upon the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS challenge can activate CREBH in mouse liver tissues in a toll-like receptor (TLR)/MyD88-dependent manner. Upon LPS challenge, CREBH interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a key mediator of TLR signaling, and this interaction relies on MyD88. Further analysis demonstrated that TRAF6 mediates K63-linked ubiquitination of CREBH to facilitate CREBH cleavage and activation. CREBH directly activates expression of the gene encoding Apolipoprotein A4 (ApoA4) under LPS challenge, leading to modulation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in animals. CREBH deficiency led to reduced production of circulating HDL and increased liver damage upon high-dose LPS challenge. Therefore, TLR/MyD88-dependent, TRAF6-facilitated CREBH activation represents a mammalian hepatic defense response to bacterial endotoxin by modulating HDL.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 3
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    Afferent specific role of NMDA receptors for the circuit integration of hippocampal neurogliaform cells (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-28
    Description: Afferent specific role of NMDA receptors for the circuit integration of hippocampal neurogliaform cells Nature Communications, Published online: 28 July 2017; doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00218-y Proper brain function depends on the correct assembly of excitatory and inhibitory neurons into neural circuits. Here the authors show that during early postnatal development in mice, NMDAR signaling via activity of long-range synaptic inputs onto neurogliaform cells is required for their appropriate integration into the hippocampal circuitry.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Study on detection method of distorted voltage sag in distribution network under the background of incorporating new energy (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-10
    Description: An advanced voltage sag detection method and compensation technique can improve the power quality of the distribution network to a entirely new level. A high performance voltage sag detection method demands fast response and good accuracy, even detecting distorted grid voltage sag caused by new energy accessing to distribution network. The voltage sag detection method, based on sliding window iterative discrete fourier transfer (DFT) algorithm, has excellent filtering ability but long detection time. On the other hand, the voltage sag detection method, based on nonrecursive DFT algorithm, has short detection time but poor filtering ability. Aiming to meet the requirements of fast response and good accuracy, this paper proposed a voltage sag detection method based on improved nonrecursive DFT algorithm. By means of disturbance filter, which is combined with several notch filters and a low-pass filter, the filter characteristic of nonrecursive DFT algorithm has been improved, and ...
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
    Electronic ISSN: 1755-1315
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 5
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    Steady-state analytical solutions of flow and deformation coupling due to a point sink within a finite fluid-saturated poroelastic layer (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-26
    Description: An exact steady-state closed-form solution is presented for coupled flow and deformation of an axisymmetric isotropic homogeneous fluid-saturated poroelastic layer with a finite radius due to a point sink. The hydromechanical behavior of the poroelastic layer is governed by Biot's consolidation theory. Boundary conditions on the lateral surface are specifically chosen to match the appropriate finite Hankel transforms and simplify the transforms of the governing equations. Ordinary differential equations in the transformed domain are solved, and then the analytical solutions in the physical space for the pore pressure and the displacements are finally obtained by using finite Hankel inversions. The analytical solutions at some special locations such as the top and bottom surfaces, lateral surface, and the symmetrical axis are given and analyzed. And a case study for the consolidation of a water-saturated soft clay layer due to pumping is conducted. The analytical solution is verified against the finite element solution. Meanwhile, an analysis of coupled hydromechanical behavior is carried out herein. The presented analytical solution is an exact solution to the practical poroelastic problem within an axisymmetric finite layer. It can provide us a better understanding of the poroelastic behavior of the finite layer due to fluid extraction. Besides, it can be applied to calibrate numerical schemes of axisymmetric poroelasticity within finite domains. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0363-9061
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9853
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 6
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    Simulated kinetic effects of the corona and solar cycle on high altitude ion transport at Mars (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-29
    Description: [1]  We present results from the Mars Test Particle simulation (MTP) as part of a community-wide model comparison in order to quantify the role of different neutral atmospheric conditions in planetary ion transport and escape. This study examines the effects of individual ion motion by simulating particle trajectories for three cases: solar minimum without the neutral corona, solar minimum with the inclusion of the neutral corona, and solar maximum with the inclusion of the neutral corona. The MTP simulates 1.5 billion test particles through background electric and magnetic fields computed by a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. By implementing virtual detectors in the simulation, the MTP has generated velocity space distributions of pick-up ions and quantifies the ion acceleration at different spatial locations. The study found that the inclusion of a hot neutral corona greatly affects the total O + production and subsequent loss, roughly doubling the total escape for solar minimum conditions and directly contributing to high energy sources above 10 keV. The solar cycle influences the amount of O + flux observed by the virtual detectors, increasing the O + flux and total escape by an order of magnitude from solar minimum to maximum. Additionally, solar maximum case induces greater mass loading of the magnetic fields, which decreases the gyroradius of the ions and redirects a significant ion population downtail to subsequently escape.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    IRE1{alpha} Promotes IL-4 Production in CD4 T Cells [Cell Biology] (2013)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-16
    Description: The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is a serine-threonine kinase that plays crucial roles in activating the unfolded protein response. Studies suggest that IRE1α is activated during thymic T cell development and in effector CD8+ T cells. However, its role in regulating T helper cell differentiation remains unknown. We find that IRE1α is up-regulated and activated upon CD4+ T cell activation and plays an important role in promoting cytokine IL-4 production. CD4+ T cells from IRE1α KO mice have reduced IL-4 protein expression, and this impaired IL-4 production is not due to the altered expression of Th2 lineage-specific transcription factors, such as GATA3. Instead, IL-4 mRNA stability is reduced in IRE1α KO T cells. Furthermore, treatment of T cells with an IRE1α-specific inhibitor, 4μ8C, leads to a block in IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production, confirming the role of IRE1α in the regulation of IL-4. This study identifies a regulatory function for IRE1α in the promotion of IL-4 in T cells.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 8
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    Strong plume fluxes at Mars observed by MAVEN: An important planetary ion escape channel (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: We present observations by the Mars Atmospheric and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission of a substantial plume-like distribution of escaping ions from the Martian atmosphere, organized by the upstream solar wind convection electric field. From a case study of MAVEN particle-and-field data during one spacecraft orbit, we identified three escaping planetary ion populations: plume fluxes mainly along the upstream electric field over the north pole region of the Mars-Sun-Electric-field (MSE) coordinate system, anti-sunward ion fluxes in the tail region, and much weaker upstream pickup ion fluxes. A statistical study of O + fluxes using three-month MAVEN data shows that the plume is a constant structure with strong fluxes widely distributed in the MSE northern hemisphere, which constitutes an important planetary ion escape channel. The escape rate through the plume is estimated to be ~30% of the tailward escape and ~23% of the total escape for 〉 25eV O + ions.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Sirt1 Programs DCs to Suppress Th17 Differentiation [Signal Transduction] (2013)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-28
    Description: The type III histone deacetylase Sirt1 has recently emerged as a critical immune regulator by suppressing T cell immunity and macrophage activation during inflammation, but its role in dendritic cells (DCs) remains unknown. Here, we show that mice with genetic Sirt1 deletion specifically in DCs are resistant to MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Loss of Sirt1 functions in DCs enhances their ability to produce IL-27 and interferon β (IFN-β). Co-cultivation of Sirt1-null DCs with CD4+ T cells inhibited Th17 differentiation, which is reversed by anti-IL27 and anti-IFN-β neutralization antibodies. Sirt1 antagonizes acetylation of IRF1, a transcription factor that drives IL-27 production. Genetic deletion of IRF1 in Sirt1-null DCs abolishes IL-27 production and suppresses Th17 differentiation. Our results show that the histone deacetylase Sirt1 programs DCs to regulate Th17 differentiation during inflammation.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 10
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    PfN44 in Shell Formation [Glycobiology and Extracellular Matrices] (2014)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: Magnesium is widely used to control calcium carbonate deposition in the shell of pearl oysters. Matrix proteins in the shell are responsible for nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate crystals. However, there is no direct evidence supporting a connection between matrix proteins and magnesium. Here, we identified a novel acidic matrix protein named PfN44 that affected aragonite formation in the shell of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Using immunogold labeling assays, we found PfN44 in both the nacreous and prismatic layers. In shell repair, PfN44 was repressed, whereas other matrix proteins were up-regulated. Disturbing the function of PfN44 by RNAi led to the deposition of porous nacreous tablets with overgrowth of crystals in the nacreous layer. By in vitro circular dichroism spectra and fluorescence quenching, we found that PfN44 bound to both calcium and magnesium with a stronger affinity for magnesium. During in vitro calcium carbonate crystallization and calcification of amorphous calcium carbonate, PfN44 regulated the magnesium content of crystalline carbonate polymorphs and stabilized magnesium calcite to inhibit aragonite deposition. Taken together, our results suggested that by stabilizing magnesium calcite to inhibit aragonite deposition, PfN44 participated in P. fucata shell formation. These observations extend our understanding of the connections between matrix proteins and magnesium.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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