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  • Canadian Science Publishing  (5)
  • Bertrand, Normand  (5)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Ammonia volatilization and soil nitrogen dynamics following fall application of pig slurry on canola crop residues
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 81, No. 4 ( 2001-08-01), p. 515-523
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 81, No. 4 ( 2001-08-01), p. 515-523
    Abstract: Land application of liquid manures is a major source of atmospheric ammonia. The presence of crop residues on the soil surface usually increases emissions by retarding slurry infiltration, whereas incorporation of slurry into soil reduces emissions. Our objective was to quantify the relative reduction in NH 3 volatilization resulting from the soil incorporation of pig slurry (PS) applied on canola (Brassica napus) residues under fall conditions in Quebec, Canada. Pig slurry was applied at 7.4 L m –2 on six plots covered by canola crop residues. Slurry and residues were incorporated in the top 5 cm of soil (INCORP) in half of the plots, while the other half were left untouched (SURF). Ammonia volatilization was measured following application for 10 d using wind tunnels. Soil NH 4 + and NO 3 − contents, pH, moisture and temperature were also monitored to explain variations in NH 3 fluxes. Soil NH 4 + -N in the surface soil was lower than expected shortly after slurry application, maybe as a result of fixation by clays or interception by crop residues. The volatilization of NH 3 was higher (P 〈 0.05) on SURF plots than on INCORP plots in 20 of the 26 measuring periods, with total NH 3 losses being five times greater in the former. Cumulated emissions during the first 11 h accounted for the 60 and 53% of total NH 3 emissions for the SURF and INCORP plots, respectively. Our results confirm that a large fraction of the NH 3 volatilization from slurry application on canola residues can be greatly reduced if the slurry and crop residues are incorporated into the soil immediately after slurry application. Despite significant reduction (80%) of NH 3 volatilization in INCORP compared with SURF plots, no difference was found in soil mineral N between treatments, suggesting that other processes such as N mineralization or denitrification were more active in INCORP plots. Key Words: Ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen cycle, organic amendments
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S00-044
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 2
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    NH 3 volatilization, soil concentration and soil pH following subsurface banding of urea at increasing rates
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 261-268
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 261-268
    Abstract: Rochette, P., Angers, D. A., Chantigny, M. H., Gasser, M.-O., MacDonald, J. D., Pelster, D. E. and Bertrand, N. 2013. NH 3 volatilization, soil [Formula: see text] concentration and soil pH following subsurface banding of urea at increasing rates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 261–268. Subsurface banding of urea can result in large ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions following a local increase in soil ammonium ([Formula: see text] ) concentration and pH. We conducted a field experiment to determine how application rates of subsurface banded urea impact NH 3 volatilization. Urea was banded at a 5 cm depth to a silty loam soil (pH=5.5) at rates of 0, 6.1, 9.2, 13.3 and 15.3 g N m −1 . Ammonia volatilization (wind tunnels), and soil [Formula: see text] concentration and pH (0–10 cm) were monitored for 25 d following urea application. Volatilization losses increased exponentially with urea application rate to 11.6% of applied N for the highest urea rate, indicating that as more urea N was added to the soil a larger fraction was lost as NH 3 . Cumulative NH 3 -N emissions were closely related (R 2 ≥0.85) to maximum increases in soil [Formula: see text] concentration and pH, and their combined influence likely contributed to the nonlinearity of the volatilization response to urea application rate. However, the rapid increase in NH 3 losses when soil pH rose above 7 suggests that soil pH was the main factor explaining the nonlinear response of NH 3 volatilization. When compared with previous studies, our results suggest that the response of NH 3 volatilization losses to urea application rate in acidic soils are controlled by similar factors whether urea is broadcasted at the soil surface or subsurface banded.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/cjss2012-095
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
    SSG: 13
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  • 3
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    Rates and intensity of freeze–thaw cycles affect nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural soils
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2019
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 99, No. 4 ( 2019-12-01), p. 472-484
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 99, No. 4 ( 2019-12-01), p. 472-484
    Abstract: In cool temperate regions, large emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), an important greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas, have been observed during freeze–thaw (FT) cycles. However, it is unclear how freezing and thawing rates, freezing intensity, and freezing duration influence N 2 O emissions. We used a laboratory incubation to measure N 2 O emissions from two soils (sandy loam, silty clay) undergoing a single FT cycle of various freezing and thawing rates [rapid (0.5 °C h −1 ) vs. slow (0.017 °C h −1 )], freezing intensity (−1 vs. −3 °C), and freezing duration (24 vs. 48 freezing degree-days). In general, soil carbon dioxide fluxes during freezing were highest when soils were frozen slowly at −1 °C, whereas fluxes after thawing were highest from the soils frozen and thawed rapidly at −3 °C. Soil N 2 O emissions during both the freezing and thawing periods were greatest in the soils exposed to rapid freezing to −3 °C, intermediate under rapid freezing to −1 °C and slow freezing to −3 °C, and smallest under slow freezing to −1 °C and the control treatment (constant +1 °C). The similar N 2 O emissions between the unfrozen control and the slowly frozen −1 °C treatment was unexpected as previous field studies with similar freezing rates and temperatures still experienced high N 2 O emissions during thaw. This suggests that the physical disruptions caused by freezing and thawing of the surface soil are not the primary driver of FT-induced N 2 O emissions under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2019-0058
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
    SSG: 13
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Soil-surface carbon dioxide emission following nitrogen fertilization in corn
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2016
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 96, No. 2 ( 2016-06-01), p. 219-232
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 96, No. 2 ( 2016-06-01), p. 219-232
    Abstract: Improvement in use efficiency of N fertilizers can potentially better sustain agriculture by reducing N 2 O emissions from soils, but little is known about its impact on soil CO 2 emissions. A study, involving both a field experiment and a laboratory incubation, was conducted in eastern Canada to determine the N fertilization effect on soil CO 2 emissions. In laboratory, we incubated nine different types of soil with and without 150 kg N ha −1 as KNO 3 or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The N-fertilized soils had lower CO 2 emissions compared with the no-N control soils for six of them. Among fertilizer sources, emissions of CO 2 were on average 22% lower with KNO 3 than with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The field experiment conducted on a clay soil included three sources of N (urea-NH 4 NO 3 , CaNH 4 NO 3 , and aqua NH 3 ) at 0–200 kg N ha −1 band-incorporated at the six-leaf corn stage. Under field conditions, most CO 2 was emitted between N application and grain maturity with cumulative seasonal soil emissions greater in the control (4.9 Mg C ha −1 ) than in the N treatments (average of 4.0 ± 0.3 Mg C ha −1 ). Evidence suggested that both heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration seemed affected, whereas the NO 3 -based source had a more depressing effect on CO 2 emissions than did the NH 4 source.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2015-0053
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    N 2 O fluxes in soils of contrasting textures fertilized with liquid and solid dairy cattle manures
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2008
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 88, No. 2 ( 2008-05-01), p. 175-187
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 88, No. 2 ( 2008-05-01), p. 175-187
    Abstract: Manure is known to increase soil N 2 O emissions by stimulating nitrification and denitrification processes. Our objective was to compare soil-surface N 2 O emissions following the application of liquid and solid dairy cattle manures to a loamy and a clay soil cropped to silage maize. Manures were applied in 2 consecutive years at rates equivalent to 150 kg total N ha -1 and compared with a control treatment receiving an equivalent rate of synthetic N. Soil-surface N 2 O fluxes, soil temperature, and soil water, nitrate and ammonium contents were monitored weekly in manured and control plots. From 60 to 90% of seasonal N 2 O emissions occurred during the first 40 d following manure and synthetic fertilizer applications, indicating that outside that period one or several factors limited N 2 O emissions. The period of higher emissions following manure and fertilizer application corresponded with the period when soil mineral N contents were highest (up to 17 g NO 3 − -N m -2 ) and water-filled pore space (WFPS) was greater than 0.5 m 3 m -3 . The absence of significant N 2 O fluxes later in the growing season despite high WFPS levels indicated that the stimulating effect of organic and synthetic N additions on soil N 2 O production was relatively short-lived. Fertilization of silage maize with dairy cattle manure resulted in greater or equal N 2 O emissions than with synthetic N. This was observed despite lower overall soil mineral N contents in the manured plots, indicating that other factors affected by manure, possibly additional C substrates and enhanced soil respiration, resulted in greater denitrification and N 2 O production. Silage maize yields in the manured soils were lower than those receiving synthetic N, indicating that the N 2 O emissions per kilogram of harvested biomass were greater for manures than for synthetic N. Our results also suggest that the main source of N 2 O was nitrification in the loam and denitrification in the clay soil. There was no clear difference in N 2 O emissions between liquid and solid manures. The variable effects of liquid and solid manure addition reported in the literature on soil N 2 O emissions likely result from the variable composition of the manures themselves as well as from interactions with other factors such as soil environment and farming practices. A better characterization of the availability of manure C and N is required to assess the impact of manure application on soil N 2 O emissions under field conditions. Key words: Greenhouse gases, N 2 O, maize, manure
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/CJSS06016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
    SSG: 13
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