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  • 1
    In: Space Science Reviews, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 217, No. 3 ( 2021-04)
    Abstract: On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2–7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam’s science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0038-6308 , 1572-9672
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 2
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 377, No. 6614 ( 2022-09-30)
    Abstract: The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on Mars on 18 February 2021 with three scientific objectives: to explore the geologic setting of the crater, to identify ancient habitable environments and assess the possibility of past martian life, and to collect samples for potential transport to Earth for analysis in laboratories. In the 290 martian days (sols) after landing, Perseverance explored rocks of the Jezero crater floor. RATIONALE Jezero, a 45-km-diameter crater, was selected for investigation by Perseverance because orbital observations had shown that it previously contained an open-system lake, prior to ~3.5 billion years ago. Major climate change then left Mars in its current cold and dry state. On Earth, broadly similar environments of similar age to Jezero contain evidence of microbial life. Jezero crater contains a well-preserved delta, identified as a target for astrobiological investigation by the rover. Perseverance landed ~2 km away from the delta, on rocks of the crater floor. Previously proposed origins for these rocks have ranged from lake (or river) sediments to lava flows. Olivine-rich rocks identified on the crater floor, as well as in the area surrounding Jezero, have previously been attributed to a widely distributed impact melt or volcanic deposit, variably altered to carbonate. We used Perseverance to investigate the origin of the crater floor rocks and to acquire samples of them. RESULTS The Jezero crater floor consists of two geologic units: the informally named Máaz formation covers much of the crater floor and surrounds the other unit, which is informally named the Séítah formation. Máaz rocks display a range of morphologies: structureless boulders, flagstone-like outcrops, and ridges that are several meters high. The ridges expose prominent layers, ranging in thickness from a few centimeters to a few tens of centimeters. Rocks of Séítah are often tabular and strongly layered, with layer thicknesses ranging from centimeters to meters. Máaz and Séítah rocks display no outcrop or grain-scale evidence for transport by wind or water. Perseverance observations show that the Máaz rocks consist of 0.5- to 1-mm interlocking crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase. Combined with bulk chemical composition measurements, this suggests Máaz is an igneous unit that cooled slowly. In contrast, most Séítah rocks are very rich in magnesium and are dominated by densely packed 2- to 3-mm-diameter crystals of olivine, surrounded by pyroxene. These properties indicate settling and accumulation of olivine near the base of a thick magma body, such as an intrusion, lava lake, or thick lava flow. Ground-penetrating radar indicates that Séítah rocks dip beneath the Máaz formation. We hypothesize that Máaz could be the magmatic complement to the Séítah olivine-rich rocks or, alternatively, Máaz could be a series of basaltic lavas that flowed over and around the older Séítah formation. The olivines in the Séítah formation are rimmed with magnesium-iron carbonate, likely produced by interaction with CO 2 -rich water. Máaz formation rocks contain an aqueously deposited iron oxide or iron silicate alteration product. Both units commonly contain patches of bright-white salts, including sodium perchlorate and various sulfate minerals. Although both rock units have been altered by water, preservation of the original igneous minerals and the absence of aluminous clay minerals indicate that the alteration occurred under low water/rock ratio and that there was little loss of soluble species to the surroundings. It remains unclear when these aqueous processes occurred and whether they relate to the lake that once filled Jezero. The exposure of the olivine-rich Séítah rocks at the surface, the absence of lake or river sediment in the exploration area, and several nearby erosional remnant hills of delta sediment indicate that substantial crater floor erosion occurred after formation of these igneous units. Samples of both of these geologic units were collected as drill cores. The drill cores were stored in ultraclean sample tubes, for potential transport to Earth by future missions in the early 2030s. CONCLUSION The floor of Jezero crater explored by Perseverance consists of two distinct igneous units that have both experienced reactions with liquid water. Multiple rock cores were collected from these units for potential transport to Earth and analysis in terrestrial laboratories. Sample collection by Perseverance on Mars. This image mosaic was acquired by the WATSON camera on the rover’s robot arm. Rock cores were drilled from the two holes (arrow) in an igneous rock of the Máaz formation. The 6-cm-long, 1.3-cm-diameter cores were sealed into individual sample tubes and are now stored inside the rover.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Nature Vol. 605, No. 7911 ( 2022-05-26), p. 653-658
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 605, No. 7911 ( 2022-05-26), p. 653-658
    Abstract: Before the Perseverance rover landing, the acoustic environment of Mars was unknown. Models predicted that: (1) atmospheric turbulence changes at centimetre scales or smaller at the point where molecular viscosity converts kinetic energy into heat 1 , (2) the speed of sound varies at the surface with frequency 2,3 and (3) high-frequency waves are strongly attenuated with distance in CO 2 (refs.  2–4 ). However, theoretical models were uncertain because of a lack of experimental data at low pressure and the difficulty to characterize turbulence or attenuation in a closed environment. Here, using Perseverance microphone recordings, we present the first characterization of the acoustic environment on Mars and pressure fluctuations in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. We find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, showing a dissipative regime extending over five orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), we highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are about 10 m s −1 apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO 2 -dominated atmosphere. We also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing us to explain the large contribution of the CO 2 vibrational relaxation in the audible range. These results establish a ground truth for the modelling of acoustic processes, which is critical for studies in atmospheres such as those of Mars and Venus. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Nature Vol. 608, No. 7923 ( 2022-08-18), p. E26-E26
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 608, No. 7923 ( 2022-08-18), p. E26-E26
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 5
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 128, No. 7 ( 2023-07)
    Abstract: The Máaz formation in Jezero crater consists of basaltic to basaltic‐andesite lava flows likely originating from the same parental magma The Máaz formation shows various igneous textures and has a different magmatic history than the other known Martian igneous rocks The study of samples from the Máaz formation on Earth will help constrain the Martian cratering chronology and Martian igneous evolution
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-9097 , 2169-9100
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 6
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 128, No. 6 ( 2023-06)
    Abstract: Carbonates are detected along Perseverance's traverse in Jezero Crater with SuperCam using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopy Carbonate abundance is low overall, consistent with the weak carbonate signatures observed from orbit in the explored units The detected carbonates have variable compositions within the magnesite‐siderite series, and likely reflect multiple alteration episodes
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-9097 , 2169-9100
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 7
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 128, No. 7 ( 2023-07)
    Abstract: The Séítah formation consists of an olivine cumulate series, weakly altered, preserving the igneous texture and mineralogy Emplacement of the Séítah formation required fractional crystallization and slow cooling of the parent magma at depth and erosion The Séítah formation could be a particular member of the Nili Fossae regional olivine‐carbonate unit observed from orbit
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-9097 , 2169-9100
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2023
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