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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 81, No. 2 ( 2007-01-15), p. 558-567
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 81, No. 2 ( 2007-01-15), p. 558-567
    Abstract: Infection of cells with poliovirus induces a massive intracellular membrane reorganization to form vesicle-like structures where viral RNA replication occurs. The mechanism of membrane remodeling remains unknown, although some observations have implicated components of the cellular secretory and/or autophagy pathways. Recently, we showed that some members of the Arf family of small GTPases, which control secretory trafficking, became membrane-bound after the synthesis of poliovirus proteins in vitro and associated with newly formed membranous RNA replication complexes in infected cells. The recruitment of Arfs to specific target membranes is mediated by a group of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that recycle Arf from its inactive, GDP-bound state to an active GTP-bound form. Here we show that two different viral proteins independently recruit different Arf GEFs (GBF1 and BIG1/2) to the new structures that support virus replication. Intracellular Arf-GTP levels increase ∼4-fold during poliovirus infection. The requirement for these GEFs explains the sensitivity of virus growth to brefeldin A, which can be rescued by the overexpression of GBF1. The recruitment of Arf to membranes via specific GEFs by poliovirus proteins provides an important clue toward identifying cellular pathways utilized by the virus to form its membranous replication complex.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 2
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 83, No. 22 ( 2009-11-15), p. 11940-11949
    Abstract: The replication of enteroviruses is sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi network transport that blocks activation of guanine exchange factors (GEFs) of the Arf GTPases. Mammalian cells contain three BFA-sensitive Arf GEFs: GBF1, BIG1, and BIG2. Here, we show that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) RNA replication is insensitive to BFA in MDCK cells, which contain a BFA-resistant GBF1 due to mutation M832L. Further evidence for a critical role of GBF1 stems from the observations that viral RNA replication is inhibited upon knockdown of GBF1 by RNA interference and that replication in the presence of BFA is rescued upon overexpression of active, but not inactive, GBF1. Overexpression of Arf proteins or Rab1B, a GTPase that induces GBF1 recruitment to membranes, failed to rescue RNA replication in the presence of BFA. Additionally, the importance of the interaction between enterovirus protein 3A and GBF1 for viral RNA replication was investigated. For this, the rescue from BFA inhibition of wild-type (wt) replicons and that of mutant replicons of both CVB3 and poliovirus (PV) carrying a 3A protein that is impaired in binding GBF1 were compared. The BFA-resistant GBF1-M832L protein efficiently rescued RNA replication of both wt and mutant CVB3 and PV replicons in the presence of BFA. However, another BFA-resistant GBF1 protein, GBF1-A795E, also efficiently rescued RNA replication of the wt replicons, but not that of mutant replicons, in the presence of BFA. In conclusion, this study identifies a critical role for GBF1 in CVB3 RNA replication, but the importance of the 3A-GBF1 interaction requires further study.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 79, No. 11 ( 2005-06), p. 7207-7216
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 79, No. 11 ( 2005-06), p. 7207-7216
    Abstract: Poliovirus infection results in the disintegration of intracellular membrane structures and formation of specific vesicles that serve as sites for replication of viral RNA. The mechanism of membrane rearrangement has not been clearly defined. Replication of poliovirus is sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), a fungal metabolite known to prevent normal function of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTPases. During normal membrane trafficking in uninfected cells, ARFs are involved in vesicle formation from different intracellular sites through interaction with numerous regulatory and coat proteins as well as in regulation of phospholipase D activity and cytoskeleton modifications. We demonstrate here that ARFs 3 and 5, but not ARF6, are translocated to membranes in HeLa cell extracts that are engaged in translation of poliovirus RNA. The accumulation of ARFs on membranes correlates with active replication of poliovirus RNA in vitro, whereas ARF translocation to membranes does not occur in the presence of BFA. ARF translocation can be induced independently by synthesis of poliovirus 3A or 3CD proteins, and we describe mutations that abolished this activity. In infected HeLa cells, an ARF1-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion redistributes from Golgi stacks to the perinuclear region, where poliovirus RNA replication occurs. Taken together, the data suggest an involvement of ARF in poliovirus RNA replication.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 81, No. 17 ( 2007-09), p. 9259-9267
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 81, No. 17 ( 2007-09), p. 9259-9267
    Abstract: We have previously shown that synthesis of poliovirus protein 3CD in uninfected HeLa cell extracts induces an increased association with membranes of the cellular Arf GTPases, which are key players in cellular membrane traffic. Arfs cycle between an inactive, cytoplasmic, GDP-bound form and an active, membrane-associated, GTP-bound form. 3CD promotes binding of Arf to membranes by initiating recruitment to membranes of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), BIG1 and BIG2. GEFs activate Arf by replacing GDP with GTP. In poliovirus-infected cells, there is a dramatic redistribution of cellular Arf pools that coincides with the reorganization of membranes used to form viral RNA replication complexes. Here we demonstrate that Arf translocation in vitro can be induced by purified recombinant 3CD protein; thus, concurrent translation of viral RNA is not required. Coexpression of 3C and 3D proteins was not sufficient to target Arf to membranes. 3CD expressed in HeLa cells was retained after treatment of the cells with digitonin, indicating that it may interact with a membrane-bound host factor. A F441S mutant of 3CD was shown previously to have lost Arf translocation activity and was also defective in attracting the corresponding GEFs to membranes. A series of other mutations were introduced at 3CD residue F441. Mutations that retained Arf translocation activity of 3CD also supported efficient growth of virus, regardless of their effects on 3D polymerase elongation activity. Those that abrogated Arf activation by 3CD generated quasi-infectious RNAs that produced some plaques from which revertants that always restored the Arf activation property of 3CD were rescued.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 86, No. 1 ( 2012-01), p. 302-312
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 86, No. 1 ( 2012-01), p. 302-312
    Abstract: Replication of all positive-strand RNA viruses is intimately associated with membranes. Here we utilize electron tomography and other methods to investigate the remodeling of membranes in poliovirus-infected cells. We found that the viral replication structures previously described as “vesicles” are in fact convoluted, branching chambers with complex and dynamic morphology. They are likely to originate from cis -Golgi membranes and are represented during the early stages of infection by single-walled connecting and branching tubular compartments. These early viral organelles gradually transform into double-membrane structures by extension of membranous walls and/or collapsing of the luminal cavity of the single-membrane structures. As the double-membrane regions develop, they enclose cytoplasmic material. At this stage, a continuous membranous structure may have double- and single-walled membrane morphology at adjacent cross-sections. In the late stages of the replication cycle, the structures are represented mostly by double-membrane vesicles. Viral replication proteins, double-stranded RNA species, and actively replicating RNA are associated with both double- and single-membrane structures. However, the exponential phase of viral RNA synthesis occurs when single-membrane formations are predominant in the cell. It has been shown previously that replication complexes of some other positive-strand RNA viruses form on membrane invaginations, which result from negative membrane curvature. Our data show that the remodeling of cellular membranes in poliovirus-infected cells produces structures with positive curvature of membranes. Thus, it is likely that there is a fundamental divergence in the requirements for the supporting cellular membrane-shaping machinery among different groups of positive-strand RNA viruses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2008
    In:  PLoS Pathogens Vol. 4, No. 11 ( 2008-11-21), p. e1000216-
    In: PLoS Pathogens, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 4, No. 11 ( 2008-11-21), p. e1000216-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1553-7374
    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2205412-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Informa UK Limited ; 2007
    In:  Cell Cycle Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2007-01), p. 36-38
    In: Cell Cycle, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2007-01), p. 36-38
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1538-4101 , 1551-4005
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2102687-7
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  • 8
    In: Cellular Microbiology, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2010-10), p. 1463-1479
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1462-5814
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019990-9
    SSG: 12
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