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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Genetic Variations Associated with Drug Resistance Markers in Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Myanmar
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Genes Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2019-09-09), p. 692-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2019-09-09), p. 692-
    Abstract: The emergence and spread of drug resistance is a problem hindering malaria elimination in Southeast Asia. In this study, genetic variations in drug resistance markers of Plasmodium falciparum were determined in parasites from asymptomatic populations located in three geographically dispersed townships of Myanmar by PCR and sequencing. Mutations in dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr), dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps), chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt), multidrug resistance protein 1 (pfmdr1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (pfmrp1), and Kelch protein 13 (k13) were present in 92.3%, 97.6%, 84.0%, 98.8%, and 68.3% of the parasites, respectively. The pfcrt K76T, pfmdr1 N86Y, pfmdr1 I185K, and pfmrp1 I876V mutations were present in 82.7%, 2.5%, 87.5%, and 59.8% isolates, respectively. The most prevalent haplotypes for pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfcrt and pfmdr1 were 51I/59R/108N/164L, 436A/437G/540E/581A, 74I/75E/76T/220S/271E/326N/356T/371I, and 86N/130E/184Y/185K/1225V, respectively. In addition, 57 isolates had three different point mutations (K191T, F446I, and P574L) and three types of N-terminal insertions (N, NN, NNN) in the k13 gene. In total, 43 distinct haplotypes potentially associated with multidrug resistance were identified. These findings demonstrate a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum in asymptomatic infections from diverse townships in Myanmar, emphasizing the importance of targeting asymptomatic infections to prevent the spread of drug-resistant P. falciparum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes10090692
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Factors hindering coverage of targeted mass treatment with primaquine in a malarious township of northern Myanmar in 2019–2020
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-04-12)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-04-12)
    Abstract: Targeted mass primaquine treatment (TPT) might be an effective intervention to facilitate elimination of vivax malaria in Myanmar by 2030. In this study, we explored the factors hindering coverage of a TPT campaign conducted in a malarious township of northern Myanmar. From August 2019 to July 2020, a cross-sectional exploratory design including quantitative and qualitative data was conducted in five villages with high P. vivax prevalence following a TPT campaign. Among a targeted population of 2322; 1973 (85.0%) participated in the baseline mass blood survey (MBS) and only 52.0% of the total targeted population (1208, 91.9% of total eligible population) completed the TPT. G6PD deficiency was found among 13.5% of total MBS participants and those were excluded from TPT. Of 1315 eligible samples, farmers and gold miners, males, and those aged 15 to 45 years had higher percentages of non-participation in TPT. Qualitative findings showed that most of the non-participation groups were outside the villages during TPT because of time-sensitive agricultural and other occupational or education-related purposes. In addition to mitigating of some inclusion criteria (i.e. including young children or offering weekly PQ treatment to G6PD deficient individuals), strengthening community awareness and increasing engagement should be pursued to increase community participation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32371-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The acceptability of targeted mass treatment with primaquine for local elimination of vivax malaria in a northern Myanmar township: a mixed-methods study
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Parasites & Vectors Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: Parasites & Vectors, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Radical cure of the Plasmodium vivax latent liver stage is required to effectively manage vivax malaria. Targeted mass treatment with primaquine may be an effective mechanism for reducing reservoirs of the disease. Since community engagement and high coverage are essential for mass treatment programs, this study aimed to determine the acceptability of mass primaquine treatment in a targeted community in a northern Myanmar township. Methods A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was deployed among household leaders in July 2019. Face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires and standardized qualitative guidelines were conducted to gather information. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including logistic regression models, were applied. Results Among 609 study respondents, 〉 90% agreed to participate in an upcoming targeted mass primaquine treatment (TPT) program. Factors contributing to higher odds of acceptability of the program were older age [adjusted odds ratios (aOR): 2.38, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.08–8.96], secondary education level (aOR: 3.99, 95% CI 1.12–20.01), having good knowledge of malaria (aOR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.04–4.76), experiencing malaria within the family (aOR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.14–5.13), and believing eliminating malaria from the village is possible (aOR: 2.83, 95% CI 1.07–4.07). Furthermore, 50 community respondents, 6 midwives, and 4 public health staff (grade II) participated in the qualitative component of the study. Many thought that TPT seemed feasible and stressed that high coverage of underserved groups and health education are needed before commencing the activity. Conclusions Most respondents agreed to participate in the proposed mass treatment campaign. Older people with secondary education level and those who had experienced malaria within their families were most likely to report willingness to participate. These same individuals may be important in the community engagement process to increase community acceptance of the program. Graphical abstract
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1756-3305
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05064-y
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2409480-8
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  • 4
    Online Resource
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    Geographical heterogeneity in prevalence of subclinical malaria infections at sentinel endemic sites of Myanmar
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Parasites & Vectors Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2019-12)
    Details
    In: Parasites & Vectors, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2019-12)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1756-3305
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3330-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2409480-8
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Spatio-temporal trends of malaria incidence from 2011 to 2017 and environmental predictors of malaria transmission in Myanmar
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Infectious Diseases of Poverty Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2023-01-28)
    Details
    In: Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2023-01-28)
    Abstract: Myanmar bears the heaviest malaria burden in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This study assessed the spatio-temporal dynamics and environmental predictors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Myanmar. Methods Monthly reports of malaria cases at primary health centers during 2011–2017 were analyzed to describe malaria distribution across Myanmar at the township and state/region levels by spatial autocorrelation (Moran index) and spatio-temporal clustering. Negative binomial generalized additive models identified environmental predictors for falciparum and vivax malaria, respectively. Results From 2011 to 2017, there was an apparent reduction in malaria incidence in Myanmar. Malaria incidence peaked in June each year. There were significant spatial autocorrelation and clustering with extreme spatial heterogeneity in malaria cases and test positivity across the nation ( P   〈  0.05). Areas with higher malaria incidence were concentrated along international borders. Primary clusters of P. falciparum persisted in western townships, while clusters of P. vivax shifted geographically over the study period. The primary cluster was detected from January 2011 to December 2013 and covered two states (Sagaing and Kachin). Annual malaria incidence was highest in townships with a mean elevation of 500‒600 m and a high variance in elevation (states with both high and low elevation). There was an apparent linear relationship between the mean normalized difference vegetative index and annual P. falciparum incidence ( P   〈  0.05). Conclusion The decreasing trends reflect the significant achievement of malaria control efforts in Myanmar. Prioritizing the allocation of resources to high-risk areas identified in this study can achieve effective disease control. Graphical Abstract
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2049-9957
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01055-6
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2689396-4
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Feasibility of Real-Time Mobile Phone Case Notification by Village Malaria Workers in Rural Myanmar: A Mixed Methods Study
    Canadian Center of Science and Education ; 2018
    In:  Global Journal of Health Science Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-12-18), p. 103-
    Details
    In: Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-12-18), p. 103-
    Abstract: Malaria burden has markedly decreased in Myanmar and is on course for elimination by 2030. Interrupting of local transmission is essential, and timely notification within 24 hours of disease occurrence by frontline village malaria workers (VMWs) is a crucial initial component of timely follow-up by response teams. Here we studied the feasibility of real-time case notification using mobile phones among VMWs in the remote Banmauk Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. A structured quantitative and qualitative questionnaire was used for data collection after implementing the intervention for six months between May and October 2018. Ten VMWs from the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) in ten scattered villages from the township were randomly recruited and given one day of on-site training on reporting methods and how to use their own mobile phone. VMWs received 5,000MMK (approximately 3USD) per month remuneration. The baseline demographics of VMWs were not significantly different. Twenty-four out of 25 (96%) malaria patients were notified within 24 hours by the ten VMWs during the study period. All submitted information were said to be complete and correct. VMWs suggested the system as simple and acceptable despite some challenges. In the qualitative study, almost all VMWs were satisfied with the system and willing to use it in the future. This mobile phone reporting system is more efficient and easier to use than other more complicated online mobile applications. However, only a few indicators can be submitted using this approach and the system cannot be used in areas without network coverage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1916-9744 , 1916-9736
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v11n1p103
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2491737-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Health education through mass media announcements by loudspeakers about malaria care: prevention and practice among people living in a malaria endemic area of northern Myanmar
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Malaria Journal Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2019-12)
    Details
    In: Malaria Journal, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2019-12)
    Abstract: Interventions to raise community awareness about malaria prevention and treatment have used various approaches with little evidence on their efficacy. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of loudspeaker announcements regarding malaria care and prevention practices among people living in the malaria endemic villages of Banmauk Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. Methods Four villages among the most malaria-burdened areas were randomly selected: two villages were assigned as the intervention group, and two as the control. Prior to the peak transmission season of malaria in June 2018, a baseline questionnaire was administered to 270 participants from randomly selected households in the control and intervention villages. The loudspeaker announcements broadcasted health messages on malaria care and prevention practices regularly at 7:00 pm every other day. The same questionnaire was administered at 6-month post intervention to both groups. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and the t-test were utilized to assess differences between and within groups. Results Participants across the control and intervention groups showed similar socio-economic characteristics; the baseline knowledge, attitude and practice mean scores were not significantly different between the groups. Six months after the intervention, improvements in scores were observed at p -value  〈  0.001 in both groups, however; the increase was greater among the intervention group. The declining trend of malaria was also noticed during the study period. In addition, more than 75% of people expressed positive opinions of the intervention. Conclusions The loudspeaker intervention was found to be feasible and effective, as shown by the significant improvement in scores related to prevention and care-seeking practices for malaria as well as reduced malaria morbidity. Expanding the intervention to a larger population in this endemic region and evaluating its long-term effectiveness are essential in addition to replicating this in other low-resource malaria endemic regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1475-2875
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2985-6
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2091229-8
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Knowledge, attitude and practice levels regarding malaria among people living in the malaria endemic area of Myanmar
    Office of Academic Resources, Chulalongkorn University - DIGITAL COMMONS JOURNALS ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Health Research Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2020-01-14), p. 22-30
    Details
    In: Journal of Health Research, Office of Academic Resources, Chulalongkorn University - DIGITAL COMMONS JOURNALS, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2020-01-14), p. 22-30
    Abstract: Malaria still remains a significant public health problem in Myanmar and it has a complex epidemiology. Evidence-based community awareness raising interventions are also particularly needed. This cross-sectional study was organized to explore the basic characteristics associated with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among people living in the most malaria-endemic villages of the Banmauk Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The Banmauk, one of the most malaria-endemic townships, was selected purposively in order to represent the survey results for people living in malaria hotspots. During the peak malaria season (July 2018), 250 household leaders were invited to be interviewed with structured questionnaires. In addition to descriptive data, the associations were determined by χ 2 -test and correlation. Findings Overall KAP indicated considerably low percentages of good levels, especially in practice, only 21.6 percent showed good practice, 38.4 percent had good knowledge and 56.8 percent had good attitude. Age ( p =0.022) and annual family income ( p 〈 0.001) were significantly associated with the knowledge level, whereas having fever attacks among family members in the last two weeks ( p =0.023) showed statistical association with attitude at a p -value 〈 0.05. Surprisingly, there were no associated variables with malaria practice. In addition, there were negative correlations between knowledge with attitude and knowledge with practice; however, the results were not significant. Originality/value The overall KAP regarding malaria was at relatively poor levels among people living in malaria transmission areas. Therefore, new approaches to improve malaria KAP are promptly needed in this community.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2586-940X , 0857-4421
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1108/JHR-01-2019-0012
    Language: English
    Publisher: Office of Academic Resources, Chulalongkorn University - DIGITAL COMMONS JOURNALS
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3009855-5
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