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  • 1
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    Manure, Tillage, and Crop Rotation: Effects on Residual Weed Interference in Spring Barley Cropping Systems
    Wiley ; 1998
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 90, No. 4 ( 1998-07), p. 496-504
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 90, No. 4 ( 1998-07), p. 496-504
    Abstract: Effects of management practices on crop growth and yields may or may not be mediated through crop‐weed interactions. Our objective was to detect and confirm a relationship between the influence of crop management factors on spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and the potential occurrence of crop‐weed interference. A field study was established on a Normandin clay (fine, mixed, frigid Humic Cryaquept) at Normandin in Québec to investigate the effects of crop rotation, tillage (chisel plow, CP; moldboard plow, MP), and nutrient source on midseason aboveground dry weight and seed yield of barley and residual weed populations. Barley‐weed interference was detected using ANOVA, principal components analysis, and analysis of covariance. A reduction in midseason dry weight (36%) and seed yield (59%) of barley in the CP relative to the MP treatment in 1994 was associated with interference from broadleaf plantain ( Plantago major L.) and dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers). A 20% reduction in midseason dry weight and seed yield with CP tillage in 1995 was associated with interference from volunteer timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) and Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.). Barley dry weight and seed yield were 29 and 26% greater in the barley‐forage rotation compared with the monoculture in all years except 1995, despite greater weed pressure in the barley‐forage rotation, confirming the benefits of forages to subsequent crops in a rotation. Compared with mineral fertilizer, application of manure resulted in lower dry weight and seed yield for barley; however, this reduction was not associated with weed interference. In contrast to tillage, crop rotation and nutrient source effects on crop variables appeared mediated through factors other than weed interference.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000040010x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 2
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    Weed species diversity in spring barley varies with crop rotation and tillage, but not with nutrient source
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  Weed Science Vol. 45, No. 6 ( 1997-12), p. 798-806
    Details
    In: Weed Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 45, No. 6 ( 1997-12), p. 798-806
    Abstract: The development of sustainable farming systems depends on our ability to predict and manage the response of weed communities to changes in cropping practices. A study was established at Normandin, Québec, Canada, to investigate the influence of liquid dairy manure and mineral fertilizer, as well as chisel and moldboard plow tillage systems, in a spring barley monoculture and a 3-yr spring barley-forage rotation that included red clover and timothy. Weed species richness (Margalef's D MG ), evenness (Shannon's E), and diversity (Shannon's H') were examined in these treatments from 1992 to 1995. Nutrient source had no effect on any of the three diversity indices. Evenness values were extremely low in all years, suggesting dominance of a few weed species in most treatments. Weed species richness and diversity generally were greater in the barley-forage rotation compared with the monoculture. Tillage effects on richness and diversity varied with crop rotation. Margalef's D MG and Shannon's H' were greater in 1993 and 1995, but they were lower in 1994 when chisel was compared with moldboard plowing in the monoculture. In 1994, chickweed density was about five times greater in the chisel-plowed monoculture compared with other treatment combinations of rotation and tillage. In 1995, only one species with a density of six plants m −2 occurred in the moldboard-plowed monoculture compared with three to six species and densities of 51 to 832 plants m −2 in the other rotation by tillage treatments. Climatic conditions and herbicide use patterns in the different crop rotation treatments may have contributed to the more dynamic nature of weed species diversity in the barley monoculture. Reduced frequency of tillage and herbicide application; management of the forage stands, especially with regard to their termination; and improved soil resource availability likely explained the increased but more stable diversity of the weed communities in the barley-forage rotation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0043-1745 , 1550-2759
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0043174500088998
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2123881-9
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  • 3
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    Soil organic matter quality and aggregate stability under eight potato cropping sequences in a fine sandy loam of Prince Edward Island
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1999
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 79, No. 3 ( 1999-08-01), p. 411-417
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 79, No. 3 ( 1999-08-01), p. 411-417
    Abstract: Soil degradation and soil organic matter (SOM) reduction have long been suspected to occur under intensive potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Prince Edward Island. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of eight potato cropping sequences involving barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and barley under-seeded with red clover on aggregate stability and SOM properties of a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol). Total C and N, light-fraction (density 〈  1.7 g cm −3 ) C (LF-C) and light-fraction N (LF-N), microbial biomass C (MBC), carbohydrate content, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and aggregate stability were determined in the 0- to 15-cm soil layer in the 6th and 10th years of the trial. Average C and N contents were 20 to 27% greater in sequences that included 3 or 4 yr of potatoes and a high frequency of red clover than in a 9-yr potato sequence; and were attributed to the less frequent tillage and higher organic matter inputs associated with the forage component. The response for MBC, LF-C, LF-N and APA was greater than those for total C and N suggesting that the former parameters may better reveal SOM changes caused by variations in potato management than the latter. Light-fraction N was particularly sensitive to the inclusion of perennial legumes in the cropping sequence. Wet-aggregate stability was 33% higher after 6 yr in the sequence with 50% frequency of red clover than in the continuous potato system, but no effect was noted after 10 yr. The results of this study indicate that sequences which are limited to 30 to 40% of potatoes and have a high frequency of perennial forage such as red clover, lead to greater SOM content and quality of a Charlottetown fine sandy loam compared to continuous potatoes. Trends in aggregate stability generally followed those of SOM fractions but the effects were relatively smaller and varied with time. Key words: Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., soil aggregation, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, light fraction, microbial biomass
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S98-033
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 417254-1
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  • 4
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    Restoration of ecosystem function in an abandoned sandpit: plant and soil responses to paper de‐inking sludge
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 36, No. 2 ( 1999-04), p. 244-253
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. 2 ( 1999-04), p. 244-253
    Abstract: 1. In minesoil reclamation, the establishment of a sustainable plant cover requires the improvement of limiting conditions and the re‐initiation of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. 2. The approach used in this study for reclaiming an abandoned sandpit in Quebec, Canada, was based on a heavy organic amendment as an attempt to accelerate the reconstruction of a functional ecosystem. 3. The one‐time intervention consisted of incorporating paper de‐inking sludge into soil at two rates (0 and 105 dry t ha –1 ), supplemented with nitrogen (N) at three rates (3, 6 and 9 g kg –1 sludge) and phosphorus (P) at two rates (0·5 and 1·0 g kg –1 sludge) followed by seeding (mid‐summer) of Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. (tall wheatgrass). 4. Standing biomass increased in the presence of sludge after both the first and second full growing seasons. High N application rates further increased yield, more importantly in the second season. The high P rate improved grass establishment in all cases. Ground cover increased with time and doubled in the presence of sludge whereas it declined in the absence of sludge. Phosphorus and N uptake was improved consistently in the presence of sludge. 5. Sludge application resulted in improved water retention and cation exchange capacities, and an increase in pH and bulk density of sandpit minesoil, all of which may have accounted for the significant improvement in plant responses. Levels of soil C and N suggest that this reconstructed system is approaching sustainability. 6. Adequate N and P supplements will accentuate the positive influence of sludge on revegetation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00395.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
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  • 5
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    Aggregation and Organic Matter Decomposition in Soils Amended with De‐Inking Paper Sludge
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 63, No. 5 ( 1999-09), p. 1214-1221
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 63, No. 5 ( 1999-09), p. 1214-1221
    Abstract: De‐inking paper sludge (DPS) has been traditionally disposed of by burning or landfilling, but could be used as an organic amendment in agricultural soils. Our objective was to assess the impact of DPS incorporation on organic matter and aggregation of a clay loam (Typic Dystrochrept) and a silty clay loam (Typic Humaquept). Whole soil C, particulate ( 〉 53 μm) and light fraction (density 〈 1.8 Mg m −3 ) C, and water‐stable aggregation were measured periodically during a 3‐yr period after a single application of DPS at rates of 0 (control), 50, and 100 Mg ha −1 Microscopic observations of water‐stable aggregates were also performed. Adding DPS increased whole soil C content, which remained greater than in the control for the duration of the study. After 2 yr, about 40% of the initial material remained in the soil. The proportion of residual C attributed to DPS and present in the particulate fraction remained constant at 70 to 90% during the first 2 yr of the study, whereas the proportion of residual C present in the light fraction decreased from 〉 95% for fresh DPS to 〈 50% after 2 yr. One year after incorporation of DPS, the proportion of water‐stable aggregates 〉 1 mm was 2 to 6 times larger in amended soils than in the control. This effect was still statistically significant after 3 yr. Microscopic observations revealed that DPS formed into clusters of wood fibers which became encrusted with mineral particles. We hypothesized that this encrustation provided physical protection to the decaying DPS which remained particulate ( 〉 53 μm) in size and progressively densified to 〉 1.8 Mg m −3 As a result, water‐stable macroaggregates were formed with DPS as a central core.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1999.6351214x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 6
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    Response of Spring Barley to Crop Rotation, Conservation Tillage, and Weed Management Intensity
    Wiley ; 1997
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 89, No. 4 ( 1997-07), p. 628-638
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 89, No. 4 ( 1997-07), p. 628-638
    Abstract: Constraints to the adoption of conservation tillage in central and eastern Quebec potentially include cool wet springs, short growing seasons, and variable precipitation patterns. This study was conducted to determine the suitability of conservation tillage practices to cereal cropping systems in this area of Quebec. The effects of crop rotation [spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L .) monoculture; spring barley‐red clover ( Trifolium pratense L .) rotation], tillage [fall moldboard plow (MP); fall chisel plow (CP), and direct‐seeded no‐till (NT)] , and weed management intensity (intensive, moderate, minimum) on populations and dry weights of crop and weeds at midseason, and on grain yields and yield components were examined on a Kamouraska clay and a Saint‐André gravelly‐sandy loam. On the clay site, moderate weed management in NT treatments resulted in crop establishment, growth, and yields comparable to those in MP treatments. Over five years, grain yields in NT treatments averaged 2877 kg ha −1 , compared with 2870 and 2260 kg ha −1 in MP and CP, respectively. Grain yields were also consistently but not statistically higher in the rotation (3014 kg ha −1 ) than in the monoculture (2322 kg ha −1 ). On the loam site, crop establishment, growth, and yields responded negatively to reductions in tillage and weed management intensity. Barley stand establishment and weed control in CP and NT treatments on the loam site were less successful in the monoculture than in the rotation. No‐till grain yields (1494 kg ha −1 ) were on average 7% lower than CP yields (1608 kg ha −1 ), and 29% lower than MP yields (2076 kg ha −1 ). Rotation had no effect on grain yields on the loam site. Findings confirm the potential of conservation tillage to generate sustained yield returns in spring barley cropping systems, provided that proper attention is given to critical aspects of the cropping system, including crop establishment and weed management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040015x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 7
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    Soil Surface Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Induced by Spring, Summer, and Fall Moldboard Plowing in a Sandy Loam
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 63, No. 3 ( 1999-05), p. 621-628
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 63, No. 3 ( 1999-05), p. 621-628
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300030027x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 8
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    Dynamics of Physical Organic Matter Fractions During De‐inking Sludge Decomposition
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 63, No. 4 ( 1999-07), p. 1013-1018
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 63, No. 4 ( 1999-07), p. 1013-1018
    Abstract: Replenishment of soil C and N is essential for sustainable revegetation of minesoils. Our study investigated paper de‐inking sludge as the organic amendment for revegetating an abandoned sandpit in Québec, Canada. Sludge was incorporated at 0 (check) and 105 Mg dry matter ha −1 before seeding tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.). Nitrogen (at 315, 630 and 945 kg N ha −1 ) and P (at 52.5 and 105 kg P ha −1 ) were also applied to all plots. Distribution of C and N was determined periodically in two sizes ( 〈 53 μm and 〉 53 μm) and two densities ( 〈 1.8 g cm −3 and 〉 1.8 g cm −3 ) of soil fractions during 823 d. After 823 d, C concentrations were 43 and 69% of those of Day 5, for the low and high N rates, respectively. With time, the proportion of C in the heavy ( 〉 1.8 g cm −3 ) fraction increased from 20 to 55%, but remained near 20% in the fine ( 〈 53 μm) fraction. Increasing N rates increased C conservation mainly in the coarse ( 〉 53 μm) fraction. The amount of N recovered in all fractions decreased after Day 86, in accordance with a previous litter bag study. Although inorganic N was positively correlated with total N in all fractions, the fine fraction was the best indicator of the size of the mineral N pool. Addition of sludge to the sandpit favored the restoration of C and N pools, and high levels of mineral N increased this effect. Residues became denser but remained relatively coarse during their decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1999.6341013x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 9
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    Soil Aggregation and Fungal and Bacterial Biomass under Annual and Perennial Cropping Systems
    Wiley ; 1997
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 61, No. 1 ( 1997-01), p. 262-267
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 61, No. 1 ( 1997-01), p. 262-267
    Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms controlling crop effects on soil aggregation is necessary to develop sustainable soil management practices. Changes in soil aggregation, carbohydrates, and fungal vs. bacterial biomass were monitored following a shift from fallow (bare soil) to various cropping systems. Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were used as annual cropping systems, while alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), timothy ( Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass ( Bromus inermis L.), and reed canarygrass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) were used as perennial cropping systems. Crops were established in spring 1989, on a silty clay loam (fine, mixed, frigid Typic Dystro‐chrept) and a clay loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Humaquept) near Québec City (Canada). After three growing seasons, the mean‐weight diameter of water‐stable aggregates (MWD) was higher under reed canarygrass (2.26 mm in the clay loam and 2.45 mm in the silty clay loam) and timothy (2.13 and 2.26 mm) than under faba bean (1.92 and 1.89 mm) or wheat (2.06 and 1.57 mm). Intermediate values were found under alfalfa and bromegrass. Changes in MWD were not correlated with microbial biomass C. Acid‐hydrolyzable carbohydrates correlated with MWD in the silty clay loam ( r 2 = 0.42**) but the relationship decreased with higher carbohydrate levels in the clay loam ( r 2 = 0.05). Close correlations were found between MWD and both fungal glucosamine ( r 2 = 0.68***, soils combined) and bacterial muramic acid ( r 2 = 0.48***). Changes in MWD were mostly reflected in aggregates 〉 2 mm, and the close relationship with fungal glucosamine suggests that fungi played a dominant role in soil macroaggregation. Measurement of muramic acid and glucosamine is proposed as a potential approach to compare bacterial vs. fungal contributions to soil aggregation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010037x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 10
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    Maize Residue Decomposition Measurement Using Soil Surface Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Natural Abundance of Carbon‐13
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 63, No. 5 ( 1999-09), p. 1385-1396
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 63, No. 5 ( 1999-09), p. 1385-1396
    Abstract: The decomposition rate of crop residues in soils directly impacts organic matter content and nutrient cycling. We hypothesized that natural abundance 13 C analyses could be used with soil CO 2 flux measurements to quantify the short‐term decomposition rates of maize ( Zea mays L.) residues under undisturbed field conditions. For this purpose, maize was grown in a sandy loam (Umbric Dystrochrept) that developed under C3 vegetation. Residues were returned to the field at the end of the growing season. During the following snowfree period (May to November), the maize residue decomposition rate was calculated for plots that were either under no‐till or moldboard plowed, using the C isotope ratio ( 13 C/ 12 C) of the soil CO 2 , the C isotope ratio of the plant and soil substrates, and the soil respiration rate. The incorporation of residue‐derived C into the soil microbial biomass was also evaluated. Maize residue decomposition increased the C isotope ratio of the soil CO 2 by 2 to 7‰ relative to unamended control plots. Decomposition rates peaked in June (2–3 g C m −2 d −1 ) and were low at both the beginning and end of the growing season ( 〈 0.5 g C m −2 d −1 ). For a given soil temperature, the decomposition was more active early than late in the season because of decreased substrate availability as decomposition proceeded. The decomposition rate of maize‐derived C correlated with the fraction of the microbial biomass derived from maize residues. This active pool represented 9% of microbial biomass and showed a high level of specific activity. The total maize residue‐C losses during the study corresponded with 35% of the added residue C under no‐till plots and 40% with moldboard plowing. Natural abundance 13 C analyses may be successfully used with respiration measurements to quantify crop residue decomposition rates under undisturbed field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1999.6351385x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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