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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Plant Fiber Intake in the Pediatric Diet
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 1981-04-01), p. 572-575
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 1981-04-01), p. 572-575
    Abstract: Dietary fiber has been defined as the part of material in foods impervious to the degradative enzymes of the human digestive tract. The dietary fiber of plants is comprised of carbohydrate compounds including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages, and a noncarbohydrate substance, lignin. These substances, which form the structure of plants, are present in the cell walls of all parts including the leaf, stern, root, and seed.1 Animal tissue also contains indigestible substances. Crude fiber and dietary fiber are not the same thing. Crude fiber refers to the residue left after strong acid and base hydrolysis of plant material. This process dissolves the pectin, gums, mucilages, and most of the hemicellulose and mainly is a measure of the cellulose and lignin content. Clearly, this method tends to underestimate the total amount of fiber in the food.1 Most food composition tables give only crude fiber values. Current interest in fiber was stimulated by the suggestion that it might help to prevent certain diseases common in the United States, namely diverticular disease, cancer of the colon, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and coronary heart disease.2-4 African blacks in rural areas where the fiber intake was high rarely had these diseases; however, during the past 20 years as this population moved to the cities and adopted Western habits (including a Western diet), they began to suffer from the same "Western-type" diseases. A high-fiber diet increases fecal bulk, produces softer, more frequent stools, and decreases transit time through the intestine.5 These factors may be responsible for the supposed beneficial effects of fiber.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.67.4.572
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1981
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nutritional Aspects of Obesity in Infancy and Childhood
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 68, No. 6 ( 1981-12-01), p. 880-883
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 68, No. 6 ( 1981-12-01), p. 880-883
    Abstract: Obesity is characterized by an excess of adipose tissue relative to lean body mass. With rare exceptions, it simply reflects a long-term imbalance in energy intake vs expenditure. The excess energy is stored as fat. The known metabolic correlates of this state are, for the most part, secondary events.1 The day-to-day "error" in intake or expenditure necessary to derange long-term energy balance is smaller than the accuracy with which either factor currently can be measured over long periods; therefore, the question of etiologies remains unanswered. The systems regulating mammalian fuel homeostasis and food intake are complex, and many potential "lesions" could alter long-term energy balance. There are a number of experimental and genetic animal models in which regulatory or apparent metabolic disturbances result in obesity, but no similar abnormalities have been consistently demonstrated in individuals with simple obesity.2 However, the traditionally accepted causes of obesity, relative overeating and/or physical underactivity, may not be operating in all instances of simple obesity.3,4 ANTHROPOMETRY Criteria for the diagnosis of obesity are difficult to establish because "optimal fatness is a conditional state. A man preparing for an emergency trek, a population entering a period of famine, a child entering a febrile illness or a growth spurt or a woman becoming pregnant will have physiological advantages from abundant stored fat."5 Medical considerations suggest that excessive adiposity (or leanness) is unhealthful; but cosmetic and other social considerations are generally preeminent in determining the acceptable range of body composition within a culture. A variety of definitions of obesity have been devised for adults (weight-height indices that produce relative independence of weight from height).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.68.6.880
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1981
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the Feeding of Supplemental Foods to Infants
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1980
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 65, No. 6 ( 1980-06-01), p. 1178-1181
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 65, No. 6 ( 1980-06-01), p. 1178-1181
    Abstract: Recommendations and practices of feeding solid foods to infants are widely divergent in the United States and in other countries. Although few differences in health are noted from such divergent practices, the consequences may be subtle or may require long-term, careful observations. The previous Committee on Nutrition statement1 on this subject reviewed the history of the use of solid foods and showed that solid or supplemental foods were seldom offered to infants before 1 year of age until about 1920. Breast milk, for the most part, or modified cow's milk formulas supplied all or most of the nutritional needs of infants during the first year. The first supplements to the diet were cod liver oil to prevent rickets and orange juice to prevent scurvy. Over the next 50 years recommendations were made that some cereals and strained vegetables and fruits be introduced at about 6 months of age to: (a) supply iron, vitamins, and possibly other factors; and (b) help prepare the infant for a more diversified diet. A much wider variety of infant foods became available, and these were introduced into the infant's diet earlier and earlier. Some of the reasons for earlier introduction of solid foods were the desire of mothers to see their infants gain weight rapidly, the ready availability of convenient forms of solid foods, and the mistaken assumption that added solid foods help the infant to sleep through the night. INFANT FEEDING PERIODS Infant feeding should be considered in three overlapping stages: the nursing period, during which breast milk or an appropriate formula is the source of nutrients; a transitional period, during which specially prepared foods are introduced in addition to breast milk or a formula; and a modified adult period, during which the majority of the nutrients come from the foods available on the family table.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.65.6.1178
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1980
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fluoride Supplementation: Revised Dosage Schedule
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1979
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 63, No. 1 ( 1979-01-01), p. 150-152
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 63, No. 1 ( 1979-01-01), p. 150-152
    Abstract: Since the previous Committee on Nutrition statement on fluoride was issued in 19721, the value of providing fluoride supplements to help prevent dental caries has been supported by a growing body of experimental evidence.2 This statement has been prepared to recommend a new dosage schedule that decreases the dosage of fluoride in infancy and that is better adjusted to the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. Health authorities agree that, in communities where the fluoride concentration of the water is suboptimal, the most effective and inexpensive means of reducing dental decay is by adjusting the community water supply to an optimal fluoride concentration. In the absence of a fluoridated central water supply, alternative means of fluoride supplementation should be used. Fluoride in tablets, drops, lozenges, or in combination with vitamins can serve this purpose and have been shown to be effective.2 However, the success of these forms of fluoride supplementation depends on whether parents are sufficiently motivated to supervise the regular, daily intake of fluoride supplements by their children from shortly after birth until about 16 years of age. It should be emphasized that fluoride administration is strictly supplemental; it is intended to increase fluoride intake in approximately the amount that would be obtained from fluids in optimally fluoridated communities. Fluoride intake is primarily from water and liquid foods made with fluoridated water. There is relatively little fluoride in most foods3-5; exceptions are certain seafoods. Dosage In establishing an optimal dosage regimen for fluoride supplements, the age of the child and the existing fluoride concentration in the water supply are the two major considerations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.63.1.150
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1979
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477004-0
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