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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    El Niño–La Niña Asymmetry in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Simulations*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 18, No. 14 ( 2005-07-15), p. 2617-2627
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 14 ( 2005-07-15), p. 2617-2627
    Abstract: The El Niño–La Niña asymmetry was estimated in the 10 different models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Large differences in the “asymmetricity” (a variance-weighted skewness) of SST anomalies are found between models and observations. Most of the coupled models underestimate the nonlinearity and only a few exhibit the positively skewed SST anomalies over the tropical eastern Pacific as seen in the observation. A significant association between the nonlinear dynamical heating (NDH) and asymmetricity in the model–ENSO indices is found, inferring that asymmetricity is caused mainly by NDH. Among the 10 models, one coupled GCM simulates the asymmetricity of the tropical SST realistically, and its simulation manifests a strong relationship between the intensity and the propagating feature of ENSO—the strong ENSO events moving eastward and the weak ENSO events moving westward—which is consistent with the observation. Interestingly, the coupled general circulation models, of which the ocean model is based on the one used by Bryan and Cox, commonly showed the reasonably positive skewed ENSO. The decadal changes in the skewness, variance, and NDH of the model-simulated ENSO are also observed. These three quantities over the tropical eastern Pacific are significantly correlated to each other, indicating that the decadal change in ENSO variability is closely related to the nonlinear process of ENSO. It is also found that these decadal changes in ENSO variability are related to the decadal variation in the tropical Pacific SST, implying that the decadal change in the El Niño–La Niña asymmetry could manifest itself as a rectified change in the background state.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3433.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Two Types of El Niño Events: Cold Tongue El Niño and Warm Pool El Niño
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 22, No. 6 ( 2009-03-15), p. 1499-1515
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 22, No. 6 ( 2009-03-15), p. 1499-1515
    Abstract: In this study, two types of El Niño events are classified based on spatial patterns of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly. One is the cold tongue (CT) El Niño, which can be regarded as the conventional El Niño, and the other the warm pool (WP) El Niño. The CT El Niño is characterized by relatively large SST anomalies in the Niño-3 region (5°S–5°N, 150°–90°W), while the WP El Niño is associated with SST anomalies mostly confined to the Niño-4 region (5°S–5°N, 160°E–150°W). In addition, spatial patterns of many atmospheric and oceanic variables are also distinctively different for the two types of El Niño events. Furthermore, the difference in the transition mechanism between the two types of El Niño is clearly identified. That is, the discharge process of the equatorial heat content associated with the WP El Niño is not efficient owing to the spatial structure of SST anomaly; as a result, it cannot trigger a cold event. It is also demonstrated that zonal advective feedback (i.e., zonal advection of mean SST by anomalous zonal currents) plays a crucial role in the development of a decaying SST anomaly associated with the WP El Niño, while thermocline feedback is a key process during the CT El Niño.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2624.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Recent progress on two types of El Niño: Observations, dynamics, and future changes
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2014
    In:  Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 50, No. 1 ( 2014-1), p. 69-81
    Details
    In: Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 50, No. 1 ( 2014-1), p. 69-81
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1976-7633 , 1976-7951
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s13143-014-0028-3
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2545937-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hysteresis of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation to CO 2 forcing
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2023
    In:  Science Advances Vol. 9, No. 31 ( 2023-08-02)
    Details
    In: Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 9, No. 31 ( 2023-08-02)
    Abstract: CO 2 reduction leads to even stronger eastern Pacific ENSO SST variability and global impacts compared to CO 2 increase.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2375-2548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8442
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2810933-8
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interannual variability of western North Pacific SST anomalies and its impact on North Pacific and North America
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2017
    In:  Climate Dynamics Vol. 49, No. 11-12 ( 2017-12), p. 3787-3798
    Details
    In: Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 49, No. 11-12 ( 2017-12), p. 3787-3798
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0930-7575 , 1432-0894
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-3538-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 382992-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471747-5
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  Nature Vol. 559, No. 7715 ( 2018-7), p. 535-545
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 559, No. 7715 ( 2018-7), p. 535-545
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0252-6
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
    SSG: 11
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of volcanic eruptions on extratropical atmospheric circulations: review, revisit and future directions
    IOP Publishing ; 2023
    In:  Environmental Research Letters Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 2023-06-01), p. 063003-
    Details
    In: Environmental Research Letters, IOP Publishing, Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 2023-06-01), p. 063003-
    Abstract: Understanding the impacts of volcanic eruptions on the atmospheric circulations and surface climate in the extratropics is important for inter-annual to decadal climate prediction. Previous studies on the Northern Hemisphere climate responses to volcanic eruptions have shown that volcanic eruptions likely induce northern Eurasian warming through the intensified Arctic polar vortex in the stratosphere and the positive phase of Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation in the troposphere. However, large uncertainties remain and the detailed physical processes have yet to be determined. The circulation responses in the Southern Hemisphere also remain controversial with large differences between the observed and model-simulated results. In this paper, we review previous studies on the extratropical circulation and surface climate responses to volcanic eruptions and update our understanding by examining the latest observational datasets and climate model simulations. We also propose new insights into the crucial role of the latitude of volcanic eruptions in determining the extratropical circulation changes, which has received less attention. Finally, we discuss uncertainty factors that may have important implications to the extratropical circulation responses to volcanic eruptions and suggest future directions to resolve those issues through systematic model experiments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1748-9326
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/acd5e6
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2255379-4
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Widespread irreversible changes in surface temperature and precipitation in response to CO2 forcing
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Nature Climate Change Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 834-840
    Details
    In: Nature Climate Change, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 834-840
    Abstract: Some climate variables do not show the same response to declining atmospheric CO 2 concentrations as before the preceding increase. A comprehensive understanding of this hysteresis effect and its regional patterns is, however, lacking. Here we use an Earth system model with an idealized CO 2 removal scenario to show that surface temperature and precipitation exhibit globally widespread irreversible changes over a timespan of centuries. To explore the climate hysteresis and reversibility on a regional scale, we develop a quantification method that visualizes their spatial patterns. Our experiments project that 89% and 58% of the global area experiences irreversible changes in surface temperature and precipitation, respectively. Strong irreversible response of surface temperature is found in the Southern Ocean, Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean and of precipitation in the tropical Pacific, global monsoon regions and the Himalayas. These global hotspots of irreversible changes can indicate elevated risks of negative impacts on developing countries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-678X , 1758-6798
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41558-022-01452-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2603450-5
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intensity changes of Indian Ocean dipole mode in a carbon dioxide removal scenario
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  npj Climate and Atmospheric Science Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2022-03-21)
    Details
    In: npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2022-03-21)
    Abstract: The Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal mode (IOD) is an interannual phenomenon over the tropical Indian Ocean, causing a pronounced impact worldwide. Here, we investigate the mechanism of the change in IOD characteristics in a CO 2 removal simulation for an earth system model (ESM). As the CO 2 concentration increases, the intensity of IOD tends to increase, but at high CO 2 concentrations, further increases decrease the IOD intensity. The minimum IOD amplitude was recorded during the early decrease in CO 2 . First, we developed a conceptual model for IOD that is composed of local air-sea coupled feedback, delayed ocean dynamics, El Niño impact, and noise forcing. Then, by adopting ESM results into this simple IOD model, we revealed that the local air–sea coupled feedback is a major factor for changing IOD amplitude, while El Niño does not exert a change in IOD amplitude. The local air–sea coupled feedback including thermocline feedback, wind-evaporation feedback, and Ekman feedback is strongly modified by the air–sea coupling strength during progression of a global warming. Consequently, under the higher CO 2 concentrations, IOD amplitude is reduced due to the weakening of air-sea coupling over tropical Indian Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2397-3722
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41612-022-00246-6
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2925628-8
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distinct decadal modulation of Atlantic-Niño influence on ENSO
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  npj Climate and Atmospheric Science Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-07-29)
    Details
    In: npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2023-07-29)
    Abstract: It is known that winter Atlantic-Niño events can induce the El Niño–Southern oscillation (ENSO) in the following winter with a lag of 1-year during one period. On the other hand, summer Atlantic-Niño events can lead to the ENSO in the subsequent winter with a half-year lag during another period. In this study, we investigate the distinct interdecadal modulation of the effect of the Atlantic-Niños on ENSO by analyzing observational reanalysis datasets. During the mid-twentieth century, the winter Atlantic-Niño exhibited increased intensity and extended westward due to warmer conditions in the tropical western Atlantic. As a result, convection occurred from the Amazon to the Atlantic, triggering an atmospheric teleconnection that led to trade wind discharging and equatorial Kelvin waves, ultimately contributing to the development of ENSO. In contrast, during late twentieth century, summer Atlantic-Niño events were closely linked to the South America low-level jet in boreal spring. This connection led to the formation of widespread and intense convection over the Amazon to the Atlantic region. Then, the Walker circulation was effectively modulated, subsequently triggering ENSO events. Further analysis revealed that the interdecadal modulation of the Atlantic–South America–Pacific mean state plays a crucial role in shaping the impact of Atlantic-Niños on ENSO by modifying not only the characteristics of the Atlantic-Niños but also ocean–atmospheric feedback process. Therefore, improving our understanding of the interdecadal modulation of the climatological mean state over the Pacific to Atlantic regions enables better anticipation of the interaction between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2397-3722
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41612-023-00429-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2925628-8
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