Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Protective measurement: an introduction -- 1.1 Standard quantum mechanics and impulsive measurement -- 1.2 Weak measurement -- 1.3 Protective measurement -- 1.3.1 Measurements with artificial protection -- 1.3.2 Measurements with natural protection -- 1.3.3 Measurements of the wave function of a single system -- 1.4 Further discussion -- References -- Part I Fundamentals and applications -- 2 Protective measurement of the wave function of a single system -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Why I think that the quantum wave function describes a single quantum system (and everything else) -- 2.3 What is and what is not measurable using protective measurement -- 2.4 The methods of protective measurements and the information gain -- 2.5 Protective measurement and postselection -- 2.6 Critique of protective measurement -- References -- 3 Protective measurement, postselection and the Heisenberg representation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classical and quantum ergodicity -- 3.3 Protective measurement in the Schrödinger and Heisenberg representations -- 3.4 Statistical mechanics with two-state vectors -- 3.5 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Protective and state measurement: a review -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Measurement in general -- 4.3 Quantum non-demolition measurement -- 4.3.1 Indirect measurement -- 4.3.2 QND measurement -- 4.3.3 No measurement without a measurement -- 4.4 Protective measurement of the state -- 4.5 Measurement and reversibility -- 4.6 Quantum state reconstruction -- 4.7 Unsharpness and negative quasi-probabilities -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Determination of the stationary basis from protective measurement on a single system -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 Joint protective measurement of several observables -- 5.3 Protective measurement of the stationary basis -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Weak measurement, the energy-momentum tensor and the Bohm approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Quantum measurement -- 6.2.1 von Neumann measurement -- 6.2.2 Example of weak measurements for spin -- 6.2.3 Details of the weak measurement of spin -- 6.2.4 Experimental realization of weak Stern-Gerlachmeasurement using photons -- 6.2.5 Weak values -- 6.3 Bilinear invariants -- 6.3.1 Bilinear invariants of the second kind -- 6.3.2 The energy-momentum tensor -- 6.3.3 Weak values and the T [sup(0μ)] (x,t) components of theenergy-momentum tensor -- 6.4 Weak measurements with photons -- 6.4.1 The experiment of Kocsis et al. -- 6.4.2 The meaning of the stream lines -- 6.4.3 Schrödinger particle trajectories -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Meanings and implications -- 7 Measurement and metaphysics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bohm's theory -- 7.3 Contextual properties -- 7.4 Ensemble interpretations -- 7.5 Ensemble properties and individual properties: a blurring of the lines -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Protective measurement and the explanatory gambit -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Realisms and non-realisms -- 8.3 Protective measurement -- 8.4 The explanatory gambit -- References -- 9 Realism and instrumentalism about the wave function: how should we choose? -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Realism as a stance and its pluralistic consequences -- 9.3 Realism about configuration space -- 9.4 The wave function as a nomological entity -- 9.5 The property-first view of the wave function: dispositionalism -- 9.6 The PBR theorem -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Protective measurement and the PBR theorem -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 Protective measurement: implications for experiment and theory -- 10.3 The Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph (PBR) theorem -- 10.4 Protective measurement, PBR and the reality of |Ψ rangle -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 The roads not taken: empty waves, wave function collapse and protective measurement in quantum theory -- 11.1 The explanatory role of empty waves in quantum theory -- 11.2 Measurement: empty waves vs. wave function collapse -- 11.3 The art in quantum mechanics: path detection and conceptual precision -- 11.3.1 Theory of path detection -- 11.3.2 Realism vs. surrealism -- 11.4 Evidence for empty waves: retrodiction vs. prediction -- 11.4.1 A general argument against the observability of empty waves -- 11.4.2 A stronger argument -- 11.5 Evidence for empty waves: protective measurement -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Implications of protective measurement on de Broglie-Bohm trajectories -- 12.1 Motivation -- 12.2 A historical review of the pilot-wave interpretation -- 12.3 The measurement theory and the adiabatic theorem -- 12.3.1 Einstein's reaction -- 12.3.2 Von Neumann's strong measurements -- 12.3.3 Protective measurements -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Entanglement, scaling, and the meaning of the wave function in protective measurement -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Theory of entanglement in protective measurement -- 13.3 Implications of entanglement in protective measurement -- 13.4 The scaling problem -- 13.5 Protective measurement and the quantum formalism -- 13.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- 14 Protective measurement and the nature of the wave function within the primitive ontology approach -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Primitive ontology and the nature of the wave function -- 14.2.1 The main motivation for a primitive ontology -- 14.2.2 The central role of the wave function. , 14.2.3 Primary and secondary ontology -- 14.2.4 The nature of the wave function -- 14.3 Quantum structure -- 14.3.1 Ontic structural realism and primitive ontology -- 14.3.2 The wave function as a physical structure -- 14.3.3 Protective measurements and primitive ontology:probing the quantum structure -- 14.4 Conclusion and perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Reality and meaning of the wave function -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 On the reality of the wave function -- 15.3 Meaning of the wave function -- 15.3.1 One-body systems -- 15.3.2 Many-body systems -- 15.3.3 Ergodic motion of particles -- 15.3.4 Interpreting the wave function -- 15.3.5 On momentum, energy and spin -- 15.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Models -- 1 How to Teach and Think About Spontaneous Wave Function Collapse Theories: Not Like Before -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 How to Teach GRW Spontaneous Collapse? -- 1.3 Localization Is Not Testable, but Decoherence Is -- 1.4 Digression: Random Unitary Process Indistinguishable From GRW -- 1.5 How to Think About CSL? -- 1.6 Final Remarks -- References -- 2 What Really Matters in Hilbert-Space Stochastic Processes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Infinite Frequency Limit -- 2.3 Three Relevant Implementations -- 2.4 Final Considerations -- References -- 3 Dynamical Collapse for Photons -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Energy Increase -- 3.3 Photon Number Decrease -- 3.4 Photon Excitation -- 3.5 Effect on Cosmic Blackbody Radiation -- 3.5.1 Effect of Collapse on Blackbody Radiation -- 3.5.2 Effect of Collapse on Cosmic Microwave Radiation -- References -- Appendix A Collapse -- Appendix B Integrals -- B.1 Integral Involved in the First Bracketed Term in Eq. (3.14) -- B.2 Integrals Involved in Eq. (3.21) -- 4 Quantum State Reduction -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dynamic Properties of the Energy Variance -- 4.3 Asymptotic Properties of the Variance -- 4.4 Terminal Value of the Energy -- 4.5 Derivation of the Born Rule -- 4.6 Solution to Stochastic Master Equation -- 4.7 Information Filtration -- 4.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Collapse Models and Space-time Symmetries -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Destination -- 5.1.2 Journey -- 5.2 Generic Non-relativistic Structure -- 5.2.1 Collapse as Inference -- 5.2.2 Time Reversal Symmetry -- 5.3 Relativistic Structure -- 5.4 Including Gravity -- 5.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Ontology -- 6 Ontology for Collapse Theories -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 The Need for Things to Be Met With in Space -- 6.3 What Is It to Be a Material Body? -- 6.3.1 The Newtonian Conception of Bodies -- 6.3.2 Is Talk of ``Primitive Ontology'' Helpful? -- 6.4 Schematizing Experimentation in Quantum Mechanics -- 6.5 Ontology for Ideal Collapse Theories -- 6.6 Ontology for Near-Collapse Theories -- 6.6.1 The Fuzzy Link -- 6.6.2 Adding Primitive Ontology -- 6.6.3 A Comment on ``Flash Ontology'' -- 6.7 Distributional Ontology -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Properties and the Born Rule in GRW Theory -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Fuzzy Link -- 7.3 The Composition Principle -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 8 Paradoxes and Primitive Ontology in Collapse Theories of Quantum Mechanics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ontology and Its Relevance to Physics -- 8.3 Primitive Ontology in Collapse Theories -- 8.4 Three Paradoxes About GRW Theories -- 8.4.1 Paradox 1: Does the Measurement Problem Persist? -- 8.4.2 Paradox 2: How Can You Call a Cat Dead if There is a Small Probability of Finding it Alive? -- 8.4.3 Paradox 3: Consider Many Systems -- 8.4.4 What Is Real and What Is Accessible -- 8.5 The Need for a Primitive Ontology -- 8.5.1 Is There a Cat? -- 8.5.2 All Observables? -- 8.5.3 Paradoxes -- 8.5.4 Worlds in the Tails -- 8.5.5 Lorentz Invariance -- 8.6 Connection to the Mind-Body Problem -- 8.6.1 What Is the Mind-Body Problem? -- 8.6.2 How the Mind-Body Problem Affects Physics -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 On the Status of Primitive Ontology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Collapse Theories -- 9.3 Problems -- 9.4 Ontological Solutions -- 9.5 The Primitive Ontologist's Dilemma -- 9.6 Primitive Ontology Made Easy -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Collapse or No Collapse? What Is the Best Ontology of Quantum Mechanics in the Primitive Ontology Framework?. , 10.1 The State of the Art: The Measurement Problem and Beyond -- 10.2 What Is the Best Proposal for the Physical Objects? -- 10.3 What Is Best Proposal for the Dynamics? -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Origin -- 11 Quantum State Reduction via Gravity, and Possible Tests Using Bose-Einstein Condensates -- 11.1 Quantum State Reduction and Gravity -- 11.2 Principles of General Covariance and Equivalence -- 11.3 Superposition of Differing Timescales -- 11.4 Bose-Einstein Condensates to Test the State Reduction -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Collapse. What Else? -- 12.1 The Quantum Measurement Problem -- 12.2 What Is Physics -- 12.3 Many-Worlds -- 12.4 Bohmian Quantum Mechanics -- 12.5 Newtonian Determinism -- 12.6 Dualism -- 12.7 Modified Schrödinger Equation -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 13 Three Arguments for the Reality of Wave-Function Collapse -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Measurement Problem -- 13.3 What Determines the Measurement Result? -- 13.3.1 Bohm's Theory -- 13.3.2 Everett's Theory -- 13.3.3 Collapse Theories -- 13.4 What Physical State Does the Wave Function Represent? -- 13.4.1 The Wave Function as a Description of Random Discontinuous Motion of Particles -- 13.4.2 Implications for Solving the Measurement Problem -- 13.5 Discreteness of Space-time May Result in the Collapse of the Wave Function -- 13.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Could Inelastic Interactions Induce Quantum Probabilistic Transitions? -- 14.1 Two Fundamental Questions -- 14.2 Is the Quantum Domain Fundamentally Probabilistic? -- 14.3 What Kinds of Possible Fundamentally Probabilistic Entity Are There? -- 14.4 Can the ψ-function be Interpreted to Specify the Physical State of the Propensiton in Physical Space? -- 14.5 Do Inelastic Interactions Induce Probabilistic Collapse?. , 14.6 Propensiton PQT Recovers All the Empirical Success of OQT -- 14.7 Crucial Experiments -- 14.8 The Potential Achievements of PQT -- References -- 15 How the Schrödinger Equation Would Predict Collapse: An Explicit Mechanism -- 15.1 Local Entanglement -- 15.1.1 A Classical Exploration -- 15.1.2 A Quantum Approach: Local Entanglement -- 15.1.3 Dynamics of Local Entanglement -- 15.1.4 Probabilities of Local Entanglement and Their Evolution -- 15.2 The Environment and Its Action -- 15.2.1 A Theoretical Framework -- 15.2.2 A Model for an Injection of Incoherence -- 15.2.3 Incoherent Density Matrices -- 15.2.4 The Trace of the Two Incoherent Matrices -- 15.2.5 A Ballet of LE Waves -- 15.3 Slips in Coherence -- 15.3.1 Introducing Slips in Coherence -- 15.4 A Quantum Mechanism of Collapse -- 15.4.1 From Fluctuations to Collapse -- References -- Part IV Implications -- 16 Wave-Function Collapse, Non-locality, and Space-time Structure -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Collapse Models and Their Experimental Tests -- 16.2.1 Experimental Tests -- 16.2.2 Relativistic Collapse Models -- 16.3 The Problem of Time in Quantum Theory -- 16.4 Quantum Non-locality and Space-time Structure -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 17 The Weight of Collapse: Dynamical Reduction Models in General Relativistic Contexts -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Gravity and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics -- 17.3 Objective Collapse in a General Relativistic Setting -- 17.4 Applications -- 17.4.1 Cosmic Inflation and the Seeds of Cosmic Structure -- 17.4.2 Dark Energy From Energy and Momentum Non-conservation -- 17.4.3 The Black Hole Information Issue -- 17.4.4 The Problem of Time in Quantum Gravity -- 17.4.5 The Weyl Curvature Hypothesis -- 17.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Preface -- Part I John Stewart Bell: The Physicist -- 1 John Bell - The Irish Connection -- 2 Recollections of John Bell -- 3 John Bell: Recollections of a Great Scientist and a Great Man -- Part II Bell's Theorem -- 4 What Did Bell Really Prove? -- 5 The Assumptions of Bell's Proof -- 6 Bell on Bell's Theorem: The Changing Face of Nonlocality -- 7 Experimental Tests of Bell Inequalities -- 8 Bell's Theorem without Inequalities: On the Inception and Scope of the GHZ Theorem -- Part III Nonlocality: Illusion or Reality? -- 9 Strengthening Bell's Theorem: Removing the Hidden-Variable Assumption -- 10 Is Any Theory Compatible with the Quantum Predictions Necessarily Nonlocal? -- 11 Local Causality, Probability and Explanation -- 12 The Bell Inequality and the Many-Worlds Interpretation -- 13 Quantum Solipsism and Nonlocality -- 14 Lessons of Bell's Theorem: Nonlocality, Yes -- Action at a Distance, Not Necessarily -- 15 Bell Nonlocality, Hardy's Paradox and Hyperplane Dependence -- 16 Some Thoughts on Quantum Nonlocality and Its Apparent Incompatibility with Relativity -- 17 A Reasonable Thing That Just Might Work -- 18 Weak Values and Quantum Nonlocality -- Part IV Nonlocal Realistic Theories -- 19 Local Beables and the Foundations of Physics -- 20 John Bell's Varying Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics: Memories and Comments -- 21 Some Personal Reflections on Quantum Nonlocality and the Contributions of John Bell -- 22 Bell on Bohm -- 23 Interactions and Inequality -- 24 Gravitation and the Noise Needed in Objective Reduction Models -- 25 Towards an Objective Physics of Bell Nonlocality: Palatial Twistor Theory -- 26 Measurement and Macroscopicity: Overcoming Conceptual Imprecision in Quantum Measurement Theory -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Reviews -- Title page -- Copyright informaion -- Dedication -- Epigraph -- Table of contents -- Preface -- 1 Quantum Mechanics and Experience -- 1.1 The Mathematical Formalism -- 1.2 The Born Rule -- 1.3 A Definite Connection with Experience -- 2 The Wave Function: Ontic versus Epistemic -- 2.1 There Is an Underlying Reality -- 2.2 The ψ-Epistemic View -- 2.2.1 Multidimensionality -- 2.2.2 Collapse of the Wave Function -- 2.2.3 Indistinguishability of Nonorthogonal States -- 2.2.4 The Eigenvalue-Eigenstate Half Link -- 2.3 ψ-Ontology Theorems -- 2.3.1 The Ontological Models Framework -- 2.3.2 Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph Theorem -- 2.3.3 Hardy's Theorem -- 3 The Nomological View -- 3.1 The Effective Wave Function -- 3.2 The Universal Wave Function as Law -- 3.3 A Critical Analysis -- 4 Reality of the Wave Function -- 4.1 Ontological Models Framework Extended -- 4.2 A New Proof in Terms of Protective Measurements -- 4.3 With More Strength -- 4.4 A Weaker Criterion of Reality -- 5 Origin of the Schrödinger Equation -- 5.1 Spacetime Translation Invariance -- 5.2 The Energy-Momentum Relation -- 5.3 Derivation of the Schrödinger Equation -- 5.4 Further Discussion -- 6 The Ontology of Quantum Mechanics (I) -- 6.1 Schrödinger's Charge Density Hypothesis -- 6.2 Is an Electron a Charge Cloud? -- 6.2.1 Two Simple Examples -- 6.2.2 The Answer of Protective Measurement -- 6.3 The Origin of Charge Density -- 6.3.1 Electrons Are Particles -- 6.3.2 The Motion of a Particle Is Discontinuous -- 6.3.3 An Argument for Random Discontinuous Motion -- 6.4 Further Discussion -- 7 The Ontology of Quantum Mechanics (II) -- 7.1 Wave Function Realism? -- 7.2 A New Ontological Analysis of the Wave Function -- 7.2.1 Understanding Configuration Space -- 7.2.2 Understanding Subsystems -- 7.2.3 Understanding Entangled States. , 7.3 The Wave Function as a Description of Random Discontinuous Motion of Particles -- 7.3.1 A Mathematical Viewpoint -- 7.3.2 Describing Random Discontinuous Motion of Particles -- 7.3.3 Interpreting the Wave Function -- 7.3.4 On Momentum, Energy, and Spin -- 7.4 Similar Pictures of Motion through History -- 7.4.1 Epicurus's Atomic Swerve and Al-Nazzam's Leap Motion -- 7.4.2 Bohr's Discontinuous Quantum Jumps -- 7.4.3 Schrödinger's Snapshot Description -- 7.4.4 Bell's Everett (?) Theory -- 8 Implications for Solving the Measurement Problem -- 8.1 The Measurement Problem Revisited -- 8.1.1 A New Formulation -- 8.1.2 Everett's Theory -- 8.1.3 Bohm's Theory -- 8.1.4 Collapse Theories -- 8.2 Can RDM of Particles Directly Solve the Measurement Problem? -- 8.3 The Origin of the Born Probabilities -- 8.3.1 Everett's Theory -- 8.3.2 Bohm's Theory -- 8.3.3 Collapse Theories -- 8.4 A Model of Wavefunction Collapse in Terms of RDM of Particles -- 8.4.1 The Chooser in Discrete Time -- 8.4.2 Energy Conservation and the Choices -- 8.4.3 A Discrete Model of Energy-Conserved Wavefunction Collapse -- 8.4.4 On the Consistency of the Model and Experiments -- Maintenance of Coherence -- Rapid Localization in Measurement Situations -- Emergence of the Classical World -- Definite Conscious Experiences of Observers -- 8.4.5 In Search of a Deeper Basis -- 8.5 An Analysis of Other Collapse Models -- 8.5.1 Penrose's Gravity-Induced Collapse Model -- 8.5.2 The CSL Model -- 9 Quantum Ontology and Relativity -- 9.1 The Picture of Motion Distorted by the Lorentz Transformation -- 9.1.1 Picture of Motion of a Single Particle -- 9.1.2 Picture of Quantum Entanglement -- 9.1.3 Picture of Wave-Function Collapse -- 9.2 Simultaneity: Relative or Absolute? -- 9.3 Collapse Dynamics and Preferred Lorentz Frame -- 9.4 Particle Ontology for Quantum Field Theory -- Epilogue -- References. , Index.