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  • 1
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Scientia Pharmaceutica Vol. 91, No. 1 ( 2023-02-08), p. 9-
    Details
    In: Scientia Pharmaceutica, MDPI AG, Vol. 91, No. 1 ( 2023-02-08), p. 9-
    Abstract: Herein, we utilized several deep eutectic solvents (DES) that were based on hydrogen donors and hydrogen acceptors for their antibacterial application. These DES were tested for their bactericidal activities against Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli K1, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens) bacteria. Using lactate dehydrogenase assays, DES were evaluated for their cytopathic effects towards human cells. Results from antibacterial tests revealed that DES prepared from the combination of methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and glycerol (DES-4) and DES prepared form methyl-trioctylammonium chloride and fructose (DES-11) at a 2 µL dose showed broad-spectrum antibacterial behavior and had the highest bactericidal activity. Moreover, DES-4 showed 40% and 68% antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli K1, respectively. Similarly, DES-11 eliminated 65% and 61% E. coli K1 and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Among Gram-positive bacteria, DES-4 showed important antibacterial activity, inhibiting 75% of B. cereus and 51% of S. pneumoniae. Likewise, DES-11 depicted 70% B. cereus and 50% S. pneumoniae bactericidal effects. Finally, the DES showed limited cytotoxic properties against human cell lines with the exception of the DES prepared from Methyltrioctylammonium chloride and Citric acid (DES-10), which had 88% cytotoxic effects. These findings suggest that DES depict potent antibacterial efficacies and cause minimal damage to human cells. It can be concluded that the selected DES in this study could be utilized as valuable and novel antibacterial drugs against bacterial infections. In future work, the mechanisms for bactericides and the cytotoxicity effects of these DES will be investigated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-0532
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91010009
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2423109-5
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  • 2
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    Zinc Oxide Nanoconjugates against Brain-Eating Amoebae
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2022-09-20), p. 1281-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2022-09-20), p. 1281-
    Abstract: Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris are opportunistic protists, responsible for fatal central nervous system infections such as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) with mortality rates higher than 90%. Threatening a rise in cases is the increase in temperature due to global warming. No effective treatment is currently available. Herein, nanotechnology was used to conjugate Zinc oxide with Ampicillin, Ceftrixon, Naringin, Amphotericin B, and Quericitin, and the amoebicidal activity and host cell cytotoxicity of these resulting compounds were investigated. The compounds ZnO-CD-AMPi, ZnO-CD-CFT, ZnO-CD-Nar, ZnO-CD-AMB, and ZnO-CD-QT were found to reduce N. fowleri viability to 35.5%, 39.6%, 52.0%, 50.8%, 35.9%, and 69.9%, respectively, and B. mandrillaris viability to 40.9%, 48.2%, 51.6%, 43.8%, and 62.4%, respectively, when compared with their corresponding controls. Furthermore, the compounds reduced N. fowleri-mediated and B. mandrillaris-mediated host cell death significantly. Additionally, the compounds showed limited cytotoxicity against human cells; cell toxicity was 35.5%, 36.4%, 30.9%, 36.6%, and 35.6%, respectively, for the compounds ZnO-CD-AMPi, ZnO-CD-CFT, ZnO-CD-Nar, ZnO-CD-AMB, and ZnO-CD-QT. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations to inhibit amoeba growth by 50% were determined for N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris. The MIC50 for N. fowleri were determined to be 69.52 µg/mL, 82.05 µg/mL, 88.16 µg/mL, 95.61 µg/mL, and 85.69 µg/mL, respectively; the MIC50 of the compounds for B. mandrillaris were determined to be 113.9 µg/mL, 102.3 µg/mL, 106.9 µg/mL, 146.4 µg/mL, and 129.6 µg/mL, respectively. Translational research to further develop therapies based on these compounds is urgently warranted, given the lack of effective therapies currently available against these devastating infections.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101281
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
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  • 3
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    Selected Gut Bacteria from Water Monitor Lizard Exhibit Effects against Pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii Belonging to the T4 Genotype
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-20), p. 1072-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-20), p. 1072-
    Abstract: Water monitor lizards (WMLs) reside in unhygienic and challenging ecological surroundings and are routinely exposed to various pathogenic microorganisms. It is possible that their gut microbiota produces substances to counter microbial infections. Here we determine whether selected gut bacteria of water monitor lizards (WMLs) possess anti-amoebic properties using Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared from bacteria isolated from WML. The CM were tested using amoebicidal, adhesion, encystation, excystation, cell cytotoxicity and amoeba-mediated host cell cytotoxicity assays in vitro. Amoebicidal assays revealed that CM exhibited anti-amoebic effects. CM inhibited both excystation and encystation in A. castellanii. CM inhibited amoebae binding to and cytotoxicity of host cells. In contrast, CM alone showed limited toxic effects against human cells in vitro. Mass spectrometry revealed several antimicrobials, anticancer, neurotransmitters, anti-depressant and other metabolites with biological functions. Overall, these findings imply that bacteria from unusual places, such as WML gut, produce molecules with anti-acanthamoebic capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041072
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 4
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    Antiamoebic Properties of Metabolites against Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-04-19), p. 539-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-04-19), p. 539-
    Abstract: Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris are free-living, opportunistic protists, distributed widely in the environment. They are responsible for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), the fatal central nervous infections with mortality rates exceeding 90%. With the rise of global warming and water shortages resulting in water storage in tanks (where these amoebae may reside), the risk of infection is increasing. Currently, as a result of a lack of awareness, many cases may be misdiagnosed. Furthermore, the high mortality rate indicates the lack of effective drugs available. In this study, secondary metabolites from the plants Rinorea vaundensis and Salvia triloba were tested for their anti-amoebic properties against N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris. Three of the nine compounds showed potent and significant anti-amoebic activities against both N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris: ursolic acid, betulinic acid, and betulin. Additionally, all compounds depicted limited or minimal toxicity to human cells and were capable of reducing amoeba-mediated host cell death. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 50% of amoebae growth, the half-maximal effective concentration, and the maximum non-toxic dose against human cells of the compounds were determined. These effective plant-derived compounds should be utilized as potential therapies against infections due to free-living amoebae, but future research is needed to realize these expectations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050539
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
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  • 5
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    Epigenetic-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance: Host versus Pathogen Epigenetic Alterations
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2022-06-16), p. 809-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2022-06-16), p. 809-
    Abstract: Since the discovery of antibiotics, humans have been benefiting from them by decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infections. However, in the past few decades, misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of bacterial infections resistant to multiple drugs, a significant health concern. Bacteria exposed to inappropriate levels of antibiotics lead to several genetic changes, enabling them to survive in the host and become more resistant. Despite the understanding and targeting of genetic-based biochemical changes in the bacteria, the increasing levels of antibiotic resistance are not under control. Many reports hint at the role of epigenetic modifications in the bacterial genome and host epigenetic reprogramming due to interaction with resistant pathogens. Epigenetic changes, such as the DNA-methylation-based regulation of bacterial mutation rates or bacteria-induced histone modification in human epithelial cells, facilitate its long-term survival. In this review article, epigenetic changes leading to the development of antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria are discussed. Additionally, recent lines of evidence focusing on human host epigenetic changes due to the human–pathogen interactions are presented. As genetic mechanisms cannot explain the transient nature of antimicrobial resistance, we believe that epigenetics may provide new frontiers in antimicrobial discovery.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060809
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
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  • 6
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    Effect of Microgravity on the Gut Microbiota Bacterial Composition in a Hindlimb Unloading Model
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Life Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11-12), p. 1865-
    Details
    In: Life, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11-12), p. 1865-
    Abstract: We utilised a ground-based microgravity hindlimb unloading (HU) mouse model to elucidate the gut microbiota bacterial changes in mice under a simulated microgravity environment. Four-month-old, male C57/Bl6 mice were randomly divided into ground-based controls and the HU groups and kept under controlled environmental conditions. For the microgravity environment, the mice were suspended in special cages individually for 20 days. At the end of the suspension, the mice were sacrificed; gut dissections were performed, followed by a metagenomic analysis of bacterial species, which was carried out by extracting DNA and 16S rRNA analysis. The results revealed that the gut bacterial communities of mice under gravity and microgravity were different. Notably, our findings revealed differences in the bacterial community structure. Around 449 bacterial OTUs were specific to mice kept under normal gravity versus 443 bacterial OTUs under microgravity conditions. In contrast, 694 bacterial OTUs were common to both groups. When the relative abundance of taxa was analyzed, Bacteroidetes dominated the gut (64.7%) of normal mice. Conversely, mice in the microgravity environment were dominated by Firmicutes (42.7%), and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes differed significantly between the two groups (p 〈 0.05). The distribution of Muribaculaceae between normal mice versus microgravity mice was significantly different, at 62% and 36.4%, respectively (p 〈 0.05). Furthermore, a significant decrease in 11 bacteria was observed in mice under simulated microgravity, including Akkermansia muciniphila, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Bacteroides acidifaciens, Clostridium leptum, Methylorubrum extorquens, Comamonas testosterone, Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis, Bacteroides coprocola, Aerococcus urinaeequi, Helicobacter hepaticus, and Burkholderiales. Further studies are needed to elucidate gut bacterial metabolites of these identified bacterial species in microgravity conditions and normal environment. Notably, the influence of these metabolites on obesity, neuroprotection, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular dysfunction, longevity, inflammation, health, and disease in astronauts ought to be investigated and will be important in developing procedures against adverse effects in astronauts following space travel.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/life12111865
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662250-6
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  • 7
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    The Gut Microbiome and Female Health
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biology Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-11-21), p. 1683-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-11-21), p. 1683-
    Abstract: The possession of two X chromosomes may come with the risk of various illnesses, females are more likely to be affected by osteoarthritis, heart disease, and anxiety. Given the reported correlations between gut microbiome dysbiosis and various illnesses, the female gut microbiome is worthy of exploration. Herein, we discuss the composition of the female gut microbiota and its dysbiosis in pathologies affecting the female population. Using PubMed, we performed a literature search, using key terms, namely: “gut microbiome”, “estrogen”, “menopause”, “polycystic ovarian syndrome”, “pregnancy”, and “menstruation”. In polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus, Firmicutes, Streptococcus, and the ratio of Escherichia/Shigella was found to be increased while that of Tenericutes ML615J-28, Tenericutes 124-7, Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae, and Bacteroidetes S24-7 was reduced. In breast cancer, the abundance of Clostridiales was enhanced, while in cervical cancer, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Dialister were enhanced but Bacteroides, Alistipes, and members of Lachnospiracea, were decreased. In ovarian cancer, Prevotella abundance was increased. Interestingly, the administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus fermentum ameliorated PCOS symptoms while that of a mix of Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactococcus lactis W19, Lactobacillus casei W56, and Lactococcus lactis W58 alleviated vascular malfunction and arterial stiffness in obese postmenopausal women, and finally, while further research is needed, Prevotella maybe protective against postmenopausal bone mass loss. As several studies report the therapeutic potential of probiotics and since the gut microbiota of certain female pathological states has been relatively characterized, we speculate that the administration of certain bacterial species as probiotics is warranted, as novel independent or adjunct therapies for various female pathologies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology11111683
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 8
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    Sappinia spp.: An update
    Elsevier BV ; 2024
    In:  The Microbe Vol. 3 ( 2024-06), p. 100095-
    Details
    In: The Microbe, Elsevier BV, Vol. 3 ( 2024-06), p. 100095-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2950-1946
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.microb.2024.100095
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2024
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  • 9
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    Antibacterial effects of quercetagetin are significantly enhanced upon conjugation with chitosan engineered copper oxide nanoparticles
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  BioMetals
    Details
    In: BioMetals, Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0966-0844 , 1572-8773
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00539-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496519-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Novel Sources of Bioactive Molecules: Gut Microbiome of Species Routinely Exposed to Microorganisms
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2022-07-25), p. 380-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2022-07-25), p. 380-
    Abstract: The development of novel bioactive molecules is urgently needed, especially with increasing fatalities occurring due to infections by bacteria and escalating numbers of multiple-drug-resistant bacteria. Several lines of evidence show that the gut microbiome of cockroaches, snakes, crocodiles, water monitor lizards, and other species may possess molecules that are bioactive. As these animals are routinely exposed to a variety of microorganisms in their natural environments, it is likely that they have developed methods to counter these microbes, which may be a contributing factor in their persistence on the planet for millions of years. In addition to the immune system, the gut microbiota of a host may thwart colonization of the gastro-intestine by pathogenic and/or foreign microorganisms through two mechanisms: (i) production of molecules with antibacterial potential targeting foreign microorganisms, or (ii) production of molecules that trigger host immunity targeting foreign microorganisms that penetrate the host. Herein, we discuss and deliberate on the current literature examining antibacterial activities that stem from the gut bacteria of animals such as crocodiles, cockroaches, and water monitor lizards, amongst other interesting species, which likely encounter a plethora of microorganisms in their natural environments. The overall aim is to unveil a potential library of novel bioactive molecules for the benefit of human health and for utilization against infectious diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080380
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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