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1

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A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Grotzinger, J. P. ; Sumner, D. Y. ; Kah, L. C. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy. This aqueous environment was characterized by neutral pH, low salinity, and variable redox states of both iron and sulfur species. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured directly as key biogenic elements; by inference, phosphorus is assumed to have been available. The environment probably had a minimum duration of hundreds to tens of thousands of years. These results highlight the biological viability of fluvial-lacustrine environments in the post-Noachian history of Mars.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1242777

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

SSG: 11

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2

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Curiosity at Gale Crater, Mars: Characterization and Analysis of the Rocknest Sand Shadow

Blake, D. F. ; Morris, R. V. ; Kocurek, G. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand 〈 150 micrometers in size contains ~55% crystalline material consistent with a basaltic heritage and ~45% x-ray amorphous material. The amorphous component of Rocknest is iron-rich and silicon-poor and is the host of the volatiles (water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument and of the fine-grained nanophase oxide component first described from basaltic soils analyzed by MERs. The similarity between soils and aeolian materials analyzed at Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, and Gale Crater implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basaltic components deposited locally at all three locations.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1239505

RVK:

TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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3

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Volatile and Organic Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Ming, D. W. ; Archer, P. D. ; Glavin, D. P. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: H 2 O, CO 2 , SO 2 , O 2 , H 2 , H 2 S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H 2 O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO 2 . Concurrent evolution of O 2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1245267

RVK:

TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

SSG: 11

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4

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Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Vaniman, D. T. ; Bish, D. L. ; Ming, D. W. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: Sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay (Gale crater) on Mars include mudstone sampled by the Curiosity rover. The samples, John Klein and Cumberland, contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxide or hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The John Klein smectite has basal spacing of ~10 angstroms, indicating little interlayer hydration. The Cumberland smectite has basal spacing at both ~13.2 and ~10 angstroms. The larger spacing suggests a partially chloritized interlayer or interlayer magnesium or calcium facilitating H 2 O retention. Basaltic minerals in the mudstone are similar to those in nearby eolian deposits. However, the mudstone has far less Fe-forsterite, possibly lost with formation of smectite plus magnetite. Late Noachian/Early Hesperian or younger age indicates that clay mineral formation on Mars extended beyond Noachian time.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1243480

RVK:

TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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5

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Martian Fluvial Conglomerates at Gale Crater

Williams, R. M. E. ; Grotzinger, J. P. ; Dietrich, W. E. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 340, No. 6136 ( 2013-05-31), p. 1068-1072

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 340, No. 6136 ( 2013-05-31), p. 1068-1072

Abstract: Observations by the Mars Science Laboratory Mast Camera (Mastcam) in Gale crater reveal isolated outcrops of cemented pebbles (2 to 40 millimeters in diameter) and sand grains with textures typical of fluvial sedimentary conglomerates. Rounded pebbles in the conglomerates indicate substantial fluvial abrasion. ChemCam emission spectra at one outcrop show a predominantly feldspathic composition, consistent with minimal aqueous alteration of sediments. Sediment was mobilized in ancient water flows that likely exceeded the threshold conditions (depth 0.03 to 0.9 meter, average velocity 0.20 to 0.75 meter per second) required to transport the pebbles. Climate conditions at the time sediment was transported must have differed substantially from the cold, hyper-arid modern environment to permit aqueous flows across several kilometers.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1237317

RVK:

TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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6

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Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover

Leshin, L. A. ; Mahaffy, P. R. ; Webster, C. R. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: Samples from the Rocknest aeolian deposit were heated to ~835°C under helium flow and evolved gases analyzed by Curiosity’s Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite. H 2 O, SO 2 , CO 2 , and O 2 were the major gases released. Water abundance (1.5 to 3 weight percent) and release temperature suggest that H 2 O is bound within an amorphous component of the sample. Decomposition of fine-grained Fe or Mg carbonate is the likely source of much of the evolved CO 2 . Evolved O 2 is coincident with the release of Cl, suggesting that oxygen is produced from thermal decomposition of an oxychloride compound. Elevated δD values are consistent with recent atmospheric exchange. Carbon isotopes indicate multiple carbon sources in the fines. Several simple organic compounds were detected, but they are not definitively martian in origin.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238937

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TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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7

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X-ray Diffraction Results from Mars Science Laboratory: Mineralogy of Rocknest at Gale Crater

Bish, D. L. ; Blake, D. F. ; Vaniman, D. T. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument revealed plagioclase (~An57), forsteritic olivine (~Fo62), augite, and pigeonite, with minor K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, anhydrite, hematite, and ilmenite. The minor phases are present at, or near, detection limits. The soil also contains 27 ± 14 weight percent x-ray amorphous material, likely containing multiple Fe 3+ - and volatile-bearing phases, including possibly a substance resembling hisingerite. The crystalline component is similar to the normative mineralogy of certain basaltic rocks from Gusev crater on Mars and of martian basaltic meteorites. The amorphous component is similar to that found on Earth in places such as soils on the Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238932

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TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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8

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Mars’ Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover

Hassler, Donald M. ; Zeitlin, Cary ; Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity rover began making detailed measurements of the cosmic ray and energetic particle radiation environment on the surface of Mars on 7 August 2012. We report and discuss measurements of the absorbed dose and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles on the martian surface for ~300 days of observations during the current solar maximum. These measurements provide insight into the radiation hazards associated with a human mission to the surface of Mars and provide an anchor point with which to model the subsurface radiation environment, with implications for microbial survival times of any possible extant or past life, as well as for the preservation of potential organic biosignatures of the ancient martian environment.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1244797

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TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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9

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Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover

Mahaffy, Paul R. ; Webster, Christopher R. ; Atreya, Sushil K. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6143 ( 2013-07-19), p. 263-266

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6143 ( 2013-07-19), p. 263-266

Abstract: Volume mixing and isotope ratios secured with repeated atmospheric measurements taken with the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite on the Curiosity rover are: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 0.960(±0.007); argon-40 ( 40 Ar), 0.0193(±0.0001); nitrogen (N 2 ), 0.0189(±0.0003); oxygen, 1.45(±0.09) × 10 −3 ; carbon monoxide, 〈 1.0 × 10 −3 ; and 40 Ar/ 36 Ar, 1.9(±0.3) × 10 3 . The 40 Ar/N 2 ratio is 1.7 times greater and the 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio 1.6 times lower than values reported by the Viking Lander mass spectrometer in 1976, whereas other values are generally consistent with Viking and remote sensing observations. The 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio is consistent with martian meteoritic values, which provides additional strong support for a martian origin of these rocks. The isotopic signature δ 13 C from CO 2 of ~45 per mil is independently measured with two instruments. This heavy isotope enrichment in carbon supports the hypothesis of substantial atmospheric loss.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1237966

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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10

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Evidence for indigenous nitrogen in sedimentary and aeolian deposits from the Curiosity rover investigations at Gale crater, Mars

Stern, Jennifer C. ; Sutter, Brad ; Freissinet, Caroline ; [et al.]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2015

In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 112, No. 14 ( 2015-04-07), p. 4245-4250

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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 14 ( 2015-04-07), p. 4245-4250

Abstract: The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) investigation on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover has detected oxidized nitrogen-bearing compounds during pyrolysis of scooped aeolian sediments and drilled sedimentary deposits within Gale crater. Total N concentrations ranged from 20 to 250 nmol N per sample. After subtraction of known N sources in SAM, our results support the equivalent of 110–300 ppm of nitrate in the Rocknest (RN) aeolian samples, and 70–260 and 330–1,100 ppm nitrate in John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) mudstone deposits, respectively. Discovery of indigenous martian nitrogen in Mars surface materials has important implications for habitability and, specifically, for the potential evolution of a nitrogen cycle at some point in martian history. The detection of nitrate in both wind-drifted fines (RN) and in mudstone (JK, CB) is likely a result of N 2 fixation to nitrate generated by thermal shock from impact or volcanic plume lightning on ancient Mars. Fixed nitrogen could have facilitated the development of a primitive nitrogen cycle on the surface of ancient Mars, potentially providing a biochemically accessible source of nitrogen.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420932112

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Publication Date: 2015

detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5

detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8

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