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  • Online Resource  (81)
  • Comparative Studies. Non-European Languages/Literatures  (81)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Recovering area functions from acoustics and midsagittal profiles.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2009
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 125, No. 4_Supplement ( 2009-04-01), p. 2498-2498
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 125, No. 4_Supplement ( 2009-04-01), p. 2498-2498
    Abstract: Simultaneously recorded midsagittal pellet positions and acoustic output for several subjects comprise the Wisconsin X-Ray Microbeam Speech Production Database (XRMB-SPD). An articulatory synthesizer, EASY, was used to help recover area function parameters corresponding to the production of vowels by subjects in the XRMB-SPD by means of analysis-by-synthesis. Specifically, for each subject, an initial personalized midsagittal profile was created based on the pellet positions, pellet trace, and pharyngeal wall trace during neutral vowel production. Based on the scales of this initial profile for a subject, subsequent midsagittal profiles were generated from the pellet data during various vowel productions. Each midsagittal profile and the corresponding first three formant frequencies were used to optimize the parameters of an area function in the EASY for closest acoustic match. The optimization was performed with a genetic algorithm. The results are examined in terms of consistency within a subject for different vowels and consistency within vowel for different subjects. Synthesized examples of vowel production will also be presented. [Work partially supported by Grant DC-001247 to CReSS LLC.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4783355
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vowel space of 3- and 4-year-old children.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2010
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 127, No. 3_Supplement ( 2010-03-01), p. 2017-2017
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 127, No. 3_Supplement ( 2010-03-01), p. 2017-2017
    Abstract: Children learn to produce speech within the constraints of vocal tracts that are smaller and configured differently from those of adult speakers. To study children’s speech development in relation to their vocal tract growth, the acoustic characteristics of vowels spoken by ten children, recorded at 6 month intervals between the ages of 36 and 48 months and a subset between 18 and 48 months, are analyzed. The first three formant frequencies of each token are measured and tokens are categorized by intended vowel. Formant frequencies are compared both among vowel categories at each age and within categories over time to give an understanding of the development of children’s vowel space. Changes in children’s ability to differentiate among vowels in F1-F2 space over time are investigated. The development of vowel space is considered in the context of growth of and changes in the proportions of the vocal tract and improved control of the articulators. [Work supported by NIDCD-0001247 to CReSS LLC.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.3385257
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rational approximations of viscous losses in vocal tract acoustic modeling
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2004
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 115, No. 6 ( 2004-06-01), p. 3195-3201
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 115, No. 6 ( 2004-06-01), p. 3195-3201
    Abstract: The modeling of viscous losses in acoustic wave transmission through tubes by a boundary layer approximation is valid if the thickness of the boundary layer is small compared to the hydraulic radius. A method was found to describe the viscous losses that extends the frequency range of the model to very low frequencies and very thin tubes. For higher frequencies, this method includes asymptotically the spectral effects of the boundary layer approximation. The method provides a simplification for the rational approximation of the spectral effects of viscous losses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.1738686
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Burst spectra and place of articulation in read speech
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1999
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 105, No. 2_Supplement ( 1999-02-01), p. 1397-1397
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 105, No. 2_Supplement ( 1999-02-01), p. 1397-1397
    Abstract: The burst spectra of voiceless stop releases are examined with a set of wide-band filters. These spectra are selected from one male speaker and one female speaker of American English, each reading from a list of 100 sentences. A set of rules is proposed for inferring place-of-articulation based on filter amplitudes obtained from a training set of utterances. The formulation of these rules is aided by segregating the data according to speaker and according to the second formant frequency at voice onset of the following vowel. This work is part of a project to infer articulatory movement from speech acoustics. [Work supported by the NIH through Grant No. DC-01247.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.426600
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An educational articulatory synthesizer, EASY
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2005
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 117, No. 4_Supplement ( 2005-04-01), p. 2543-2543
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 117, No. 4_Supplement ( 2005-04-01), p. 2543-2543
    Abstract: An articulatory synthesizer has been written for general educational and research use. It has been named Educational Articulatory Synthesizer, EASY, and written in the MATLAB programming language. In its current instantiation, the synthesizer performs calculations in the frequency domain and includes the effects of wall-vibration, viscous and thermal boundary layer loss, and radiation loss. Sources anywhere from the glottis to the mouth can be specified. Further, the code allows for side branches other than the nasal tract so that sounds such as laterals can be specified. A low-frequency aerodynamic module has also been included. Midsagittal shape is controlled by a hierarchy of flesh points. Points high in the hierarchy specify the overall shape by determining reference positions for points lower in the hierarchy, which, in turn, determine the shape locally. [Work supported by grant NIDCD-001247 to CReSS LLC.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4788454
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Children’s articulatory constraints inferred from acoustic output: How some speech-sound errors arise.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2008
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2555-2555
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2555-2555
    Abstract: Our investigations of children’s speech acoustics indicate that normally developing children exhibit speech behavior that is not simply scaled adult behavior. Specific anatomical differences between children’s and adults’ vocal tracts cause these effects: For example, the size of the tongue in relation to the size of mouth decreases with age. The effects of these age-related anatomical differences have been identified for preschool children as young as 1 year of age in phonetic segments, such as /ɹ/, /s/, and /∫/. These anatomic differences may lead children to produce subphonemic distinctions, as between /r/ and /w/ in English. Children’s anatomical features can also affect sounds generally not considered to be difficult for normally developing children to produce, such as syllable-initial stops. We have noted children 12–18 months old producing intended /g/ that is often transcribed as /d/ by adult listeners. However, fronted velar /g/, which could be the result of a large tongue size in relation to palate size, exhibits subphonemic distinctions with children’s /d/. The behaviors arising from early anatomical features can be preserved into school age and be labeled as aberrant articulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4783029
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Digital filters for accurate simulation of wave propagation losses in tubes
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2004
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 115, No. 5_Supplement ( 2004-05-01), p. 2528-2528
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 115, No. 5_Supplement ( 2004-05-01), p. 2528-2528
    Abstract: A boundary layer approximation for viscous damping in one-dimensional wave transmission in a tube results in an irrational frequency-dependent damping filter for sound propagation. This filter can be approximated with high accuracy by a rational filter function that can be obtained from Padé approximations or continued fraction expansion. Taking into account the viscous losses in a Kelly–Lochbaum structure that represents sound propagation in a tube with spatially varying cross section results in replacing the delay elements of the lattice filter for the loss-free case by special recursive filters. The design, implementation, and applications of the filter structures will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4783366
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Source-tract interaction with prescribed vocal fold motion
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2012
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 131, No. 4 ( 2012-04-01), p. 2999-3016
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 131, No. 4 ( 2012-04-01), p. 2999-3016
    Abstract: An equation describing the time-evolution of glottal volume velocity with specified vocal fold motion is derived when the sub- and supra-glottal vocal tracts are present. The derivation of this Fant equation employs a property explicated in Howe and McGowan [(2011) J. Fluid Mech. 672, 428–450] that the Fant equation is the adjoint to the equation characterizing the matching conditions of sub- and supra-glottal Green’s functions segments with the glottal segment. The present aeroacoustic development shows that measurable quantities such as input impedances at the glottis, provide the coefficients for the Fant equation when source-tract interaction is included in the development. Explicit expressions for the Green’s function are not required. With the poles and zeros of the input impedance functions specified, the Fant equation can be solved. After the general derivation of the Fant equation, the specific cases where plane wave acoustic propagation is described either by a Sturm-Liouville problem or concatenated cylindrical tubes is considered. Simulations show the expected skewing of the glottal volume velocity pulses depending on whether the fundamental frequency is below or above a sub- or supra-glottal formant. More complex glottal wave forms result when both the first supra-glottal fundamental frequencies are high and close to the first sub-glottal formant.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.3685824
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Analysis-by-synthesis and acoustic landmarks
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2000
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 108, No. 5_Supplement ( 2000-11-01), p. 2604-2604
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 108, No. 5_Supplement ( 2000-11-01), p. 2604-2604
    Abstract: In the 1950s and 1960s Ken Stevens and Morris Halle proposed a model for human speech recognition that incorporated analysis-by-synthesis. In the more recent past the notion of acoustic landmarks has arisen from the speech group at MIT as part of a model for human lexical access from features by human listeners. Here, it is proposed that these ideas are fruitful ones for incorporation into a method (constraint and refinement) for training a machine with its own vocal tract to imitate human speech, while learning the relation between articulation and acoustic output. The machine would be trained in stages starting with the attempts to imitate the sequence of relatively open articulations and closed articulations. Landmarks, based on acoustic criteria, would be placed near the peaks in the amplitude envelope, allowing the machine to constrain the type of articulatory activations. This constraining step would involve, initially, an overly restrictive set of phonotatic rules, such as all sequences are obstruent-vowel sequences. The refining step would be the analysis-by-synthesis with the machine’s vocal tract. As the stages progress, the machine would attend to more acoustic properties of the speech signal with different kinds of landmarks and increase the generality of the phonotatic rules.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4743700
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 10
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    Appalachia meets the mid-south in Tennessee
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2003
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 113, No. 4_Supplement ( 2003-04-01), p. 2328-2329
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 113, No. 4_Supplement ( 2003-04-01), p. 2328-2329
    Abstract: The father of bluegrass and long-time member of the Opry in Nashville, Bill Monroe, had a number of musical influences, including blues, gospel, and the American versions of Anglo-Scots-Irish folk music endemic to Appalachia. (Although Bill Monroe was from western Kentucky, the Appalachian influence is apparent.) In 1946 he recorded a song for Columbia Records that he had written. This song was recorded again in 1954 at Sun Studios as a ‘‘B side’’ by the future king of rock and roll, Elvis Presley. Raised in East Tupelo, MS and Memphis, Elvis’ music derived from the mid-south’s blues and gospel music, but with a peculiar honkytonk-informed, Memphis style. We will compare these artists through this common song and their spoken interviews in terms of voice quality and English dialect. Some copy-synthesis of these artists will be attempted in our search for the high, lonesome and rock and roll sounds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4780825
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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