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  • 1
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    Innovative polygon trend analysis of monthly precipitation (1952–2015) in the Hindukush‐Karakoram‐Himalaya river basins of Pakistan
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Climatology Vol. 42, No. 16 ( 2022-12-30), p. 9967-9993
    Details
    In: International Journal of Climatology, Wiley, Vol. 42, No. 16 ( 2022-12-30), p. 9967-9993
    Abstract: The Hindukush‐Karakoram‐Himalayas (HKH) mountainous range supplies water to 10 river basins serving eight countries. The present study focuses on the river basins located within the HKH region in Pakistan. The modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) was used to split the research region into 13 sub‐basins. The Mann–Kendall, Sen's slope, innovative polygon trend analysis (IPTA), and innovative trend analysis (ITA) methods were used for the monthly precipitation time series. The Shyok sub‐basin (central Karakoram) experienced rising trends for all seasons, while the southwestern Karakoram (Hunza) showed a rising trend only for the winter. The Hindukush Mountain Range feeds five sub‐basins (Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Kabul, and Kurram). The Gilgit and Kurram sub‐basins observed an upward trend for all seasons. A falling trend in spring and transition from spring (falling) to summer (rising) was observed for the Swat and Kabul sub‐basins. The Chitral sub‐basin received rising precipitation in spring, summer, and autumn, whereas no trend was observed during winter. In the southern Himalayas (Kanshi and Jhelum), no trend was observed in winter and autumn and a falling trend in spring and summer. The Kunhar sub‐basin (southern Himalaya) showed rising trends in winter, spring, and autumn. In contrast, the Soan sub‐basin (eastern Himalaya) has no trend in spring, and other seasons show rising trends. The sub‐basin Upper Indus experienced a rising trend for autumn, winter, and summer, while a downward trend was observed in spring. The IPTA and ITA approaches are much more sensitive than the Mann–Kendall method in detecting trends. Although the innovative methods are mostly compatible with each other (90%), the IPTA presents additional information about trend transitions between successive parts of the time series. The results presented in this study are an advancement in the investigations made so far in this region and will help to understand the climate and hydrology of this region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-8418 , 1097-0088
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/joc.v42.16
    DOI: 10.1002/joc.7875
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1491204-1
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  • 2
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    Three‐dimensional endoscopy: The future of nasoendoscopic training
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  The Laryngoscope Vol. 129, No. 6 ( 2019-06), p. 1280-1285
    Details
    In: The Laryngoscope, Wiley, Vol. 129, No. 6 ( 2019-06), p. 1280-1285
    Abstract: Three‐dimensional (3D) endoscopy is an emerging tool in surgery that provides real‐time depth perception. Its benefits have been investigated in surgical training, but the current literature lacks significant objective outcome data. We aimed to objectively compare the efficacy of two‐dimensional (2D) versus 3D high‐definition endoscopes in novice users. Study Design Prospective, randomized crossover study. Methods Ninety‐two novice medical students who used both 2D and 3D endoscopes to complete two validated tasks in a box trainer participated in the study. Time taken and error rates were measured, and subjective data were collected. Results Wilcoxon tests showed 3D technology was significantly faster than 2D (78 vs. 95 seconds, P = .004), and errors per task were significantly lower (3 vs. 5, P 〈 .001). Sixty‐nine percent of participants preferred the 3D endoscope. Conclusions 3D high‐definition endoscopy could be instrumental in training the next generation of endoscopic surgeons. Further research is required in a clinical setting. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope , 129:1280–1285, 2019
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0023-852X , 1531-4995
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/lary.v129.6
    DOI: 10.1002/lary.27812
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026089-1
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  • 3
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    Use of the medial canthal point ( MCP ) as a reliable anatomical landmark to the frontal sinus
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology Vol. 5, No. 5 ( 2020-10), p. 791-795
    Details
    In: Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, Wiley, Vol. 5, No. 5 ( 2020-10), p. 791-795
    Abstract: Frontal sinus surgery is considered one of the more challenging aspects of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, due to the complex variations in normal sinus anatomy but also increased morbidity due to the close proximity of critical structures such as the anterior cranial fossa and orbits. We aim to investigate the medial canthal point (MCP) as an anatomical landmark for safe frontal sinus access. Methods The MCP intranasally is identified during surgery with non‐tooth forceps, with one limb just anterior to the medial canthus and the other intranasally in the same coronal plane along the skull base. This point was identified on 100 paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) scan reconstructions. The distance between the anterior cranial fossa and MCP was measured on imaging—medial canthal point distance (MCPD). The maximal anterior‐posterior (AP) distance was measured on all scans. Results The average MCPD for males was 13.0 mm (8.7‐20.4 mm) and for females 12.0 mm (6.8‐22.8 mm). Mean AP distance for males was 12.0 mm (4.5‐20.2 mm) and for females 10.4 mm (3.8‐15.9 mm). Mean distance for all 100 patients was 12.6 mm (range 7.5‐22.8 mm). In all cases, the MCP was anterior to the cranial fossa. Mixed effects modelling analysis showed a significant correlation between the MCPD and AP distance ( P = .006). Conclusion The MCP is a consistent anatomical landmark that can serve as an adjunct to safe frontal sinus access alongside the first olfactory fiber and CT navigation systems. However, patient selection continues to be very important, with larger well pneumatized frontal sinuses being ideal to tackle earlier in a surgeon's career. Level of evidence NA
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2378-8038 , 2378-8038
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/lio2.v5.5
    DOI: 10.1002/lio2.440
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2851702-7
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  • 4
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    Three‐Dimensional printed instruments used in a Septoplasty: A new paradigm in Surgery
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology Vol. 6, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 613-618
    Details
    In: Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, Wiley, Vol. 6, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 613-618
    Abstract: Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has been rapidly adopted by different surgical disciplines. It has shown itself to have improved outcomes in education, pre‐operative planning, and reconstruction. However, using 3D printing to create surgical instruments is a niche within the literature that has not yet been fully explored. The authors present a study in which it is hypothesized that 3D printing surgical instruments can be utilized successfully within ENT surgery. Methods As one of the most common ENT operations worldwide, a septoplasty was chosen as the procedure to provide proof of concept. For the septoplasty, five instruments were printed: a scalpel handle, needle holders, toothed forceps, a Cottle/Freer elevator, and a Killian's speculum. The entire set took 224 minutes on average to print, weighed 36 g, and only used approximately 86 pence ($1.20 USD) worth of polylactic acid plastic to create. Results All steps in performing a septoplasty on a human cadaver with the 3D printed tools were possible and were undertaken successfully. This yielded a similar outcome to using stainless steel with the added benefit of there being a large reduction in cost and the ability for rapid customization according to the surgeon's preferences. Conclusion As technology and mainstream interest in 3D printing develops, the availability of more precise Computer‐Aided Design software will allow for more complex designs of tools to be created. Currently, 3D printing has been shown to be a promising method from which future surgical tools can be fashioned to meet the complex, dynamic demands of surgery. Level of Evidence N/A.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2378-8038 , 2378-8038
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/lio2.v6.4
    DOI: 10.1002/lio2.579
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    Evaluating the Capacitive Response in Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  The Chemical Record Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2022-07)
    Details
    In: The Chemical Record, Wiley, Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2022-07)
    Abstract: The perovskites solar cells (PSCs) is composed of multifaceted device architecture and involve complex charge extraction (both electronic and ionic), this makes the task demanding to unlock the origin of the different physical process that occurs in a PSC. The capacitance in PSCs depends on several external perturbations including frequency, illumination, temperature, applied bias, and importantly on the interface modification of perovskites/charge selective contact. Arguably, different features including interfacial and bulk; ionic, and electronic charge transport in PSCs occur at different time scales. Capacitance spectroscopy is a prevailing technique to unravel the various physical phenomenon that occurs in a PSC at different time scales. A deeper knowledge of the capacitive response of a PSCs is essential to understand the charge carrier kinetics and unlock the device physics. This work highlights the capacitive response of PSCs and its application to unlock the device physics which is essential for the further optimization and improvement of the device performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1527-8999 , 1528-0691
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/tcr.v22.7
    DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100330
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2044646-9
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  • 6
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    International Consensus Statement: Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04), p. 794-803
    Details
    In: International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04), p. 794-803
    Abstract: The association between spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak/rhinorrhea and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been increasingly recognized over the last years. However, considerable variability of opinion regarding the assessment, investigations, and management of patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea remains. Methods A consensus group was formed from experts from Europe, Asia, Australia, South and North America. Following literature review and open discussions with members of the panel, a set of 61 statements was produced. A modified Delphi method was used to refine expert opinion with 3 rounds of questionnaires and a consensus group meeting in Santo‐Rhino meeting in September 2019. Results Fifty statements (82% of total) on spontaneous CSF leak and IIH reached consensus. In 38 of 50 statements, the median response was 7 (strongly agree) and in the 12 remaining statements the median response was 6 (agree). Eleven statements were excluded because they did not reach consensus and one new statement was added during SantoRhino meeting. The final statements refer to patient history and clinical examination ("History taking should include presence of headache, tinnitus and visual defects"), investigations (role of Thin Slice Computed Tomography and CISS/FLAIR sequences in Magnetic Resonance Imaging), principles of management (watchful waiting or measures to reduce ICP are supplementary but cannot subsitute surgical closure), surgical technique, intraoperative, early postoperative and long term management. Conclusion We present fifty consensus statements on the diagnosis, investigation, and management of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea based on the currently available evidence and expert opinion. Although by no means comprehensive and final, we believe they can contribute to the standardization of clinical practice. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical closure of the defect, assesment for and treatment of potentially co‐existing idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach are essential in order to successfully manage spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea, reduce associated morbidity and prevent recurrence.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2042-6976 , 2042-6984
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alr.v11.4
    DOI: 10.1002/alr.22704
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2604059-1
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  • 7
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    Variability in meteorological parameters and their impact on evapotranspiration in a humid zone of Pakistan
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Meteorological Applications Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2020-01)
    Details
    In: Meteorological Applications, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2020-01)
    Abstract: Pakistan lies in the region over the globe where effects of climate change due to global warming are more likely to occur. These climatic changes are reflected in significant gradual fluctuations in measurements of meteorological parameters. Agricultural activity in any region depends upon the role of components of hydrological cycle over the region. An important component of hydrological cycle is evapotranspiration (ET), which is closely linked with changes in meteorological parameters. This study investigates impact of probable variation in four important meteorological parameters i.e. temperature ( T ), net solar radiation ( R n ), vapour pressure ( e a ) and wind speed ( U ) on ET to estimate possible changes in reference ET in a humid zone of Pakistan by employing observed climatological records for 30 years (1981–2010). Analyses are done on the basis of possible ±20% changes in climatological mean values of the observed meteorological parameters. The analyses indicate that 20% rise in observed values of T , R n and U increases value of total (annual) ET demand in the zone up to 11.93%, 16.37% and 2.83% respectively, and 20% rise in the observed values of vapour pressure decreases value of total (annual) ET till −2.5%. Moreover, the analyses also showed that ET is more sensitive to T and R n in monsoon, vapour pressure in winter, and to wind speed in summer. Hence, this study might be useful in planning and formulating future strategies to meet expected future water requirements due to global warming in humid zone of Pakistan and its surrounding region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1350-4827 , 1469-8080
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/met.v27.1
    DOI: 10.1002/met.1859
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482937-X
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  • 8
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    Endonasal endoscopic management of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: The Birmingham UK experience
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 68-76
    Details
    In: Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery, Wiley, Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 68-76
    Abstract: Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks (SCSFL) occur in the absence of trauma, surgery, or underlying intracranial pathology. They represent a significant healthcare burden on patients with complications such as meningitis. We present our experience of SCSFL repair via the endonasal endoscopic approach. Methods All patients who underwent CSF fistula repair at a tertiary UK hospital, between 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2019, were identified and had their case notes analyzed retrospectively. Results There were 33 patients included consisting of 27 (81.8%) females, with age range from 31 to 81 years (mean 55.2). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 35.2 kg/m 2 , with 32 (97.0%) patients overweight (BMI 〉 25). All patients presented with intermittent watery rhinorrhoea and had a positive biochemical analysis. Computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified leak sites in 29 patients (87.9%). The most common intraoperative defect site was the cribriform plate (42.4%). A variety of closing techniques were used including onlay grafts (72.7%), tissue glue (87.9%), nasoseptal flaps (63.6%), mucosal free grafts (21.2%), fat grafts (21.2%), and additional support materials (87.9%). Nasal packing was used in all patients. The average length of stay was 1.6 days. Postoperative complications occurred in two patients (6.1%) (meningitis, epistaxis). Overall, there was a successful primary repair in 32 (97.0%) patients with most cases employing a multilayered reconstruction method (78.8%). Conclusion Our results demonstrate excellent success rates with the endoscopic endonasal approach to SCSFL. This adds to the literature by demonstrating a detailed analysis of the experience in SCSFL management in one of the largest UK centres.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-5902 , 1758-5910
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ases.v16.1
    DOI: 10.1111/ases.13125
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2492135-X
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  • 9
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    Polymer Amplification to Improve Performance and Stability toward Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Energy Technology Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2020-04)
    Details
    In: Energy Technology, Wiley, Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2020-04)
    Abstract: The performance of methylammonium lead triiodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 )‐based solar cells depends on the crystallization and controlled microstructure. Despite their high performance, long‐term stability is a paramount factor toward large area fabrication and potential industrialization. Herein, poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoro ethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) is used as an additive into a low concentration–based perovskite precursor solution to control the crystallinity and microstructure. Perovskite layers of lower thicknesses are derived from low precursor concentration, however, they often suffer from severe voids and roughness. Introducing judicious quantities of P(VDF‐TrFE) improves the surface coverage and smoothness, as well as reduce the grain boundaries in the perovskite. An array of characterization techniques are used to probe the structural, microstructural, and spectroscopic properties. Impedance spectra suggest that the P(VDF‐TrFE) can improve the carrier lifetime and reduce the charge transfer resistance, which in turn allows improvment of photovoltaic performance. For an optimized concentration of P(VDF‐TrFE), the fabricated semitransparent solar cells yield a power conversion efficiency in excess of 10%, which supersedes pristine devices, along with improved stability. The device architecture and the fabrication technique provide an effective route to fabricate cost effective and visible‐light‐semitransparent perovskite solar cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2194-4288 , 2194-4296
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ente.v8.4
    DOI: 10.1002/ente.201900728
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2700412-0
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  • 10
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    Endoscopic training—is the future three‐dimensional?
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology Vol. 3, No. 5 ( 2018-10), p. 345-348
    Details
    In: Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, Wiley, Vol. 3, No. 5 ( 2018-10), p. 345-348
    Abstract: Endoscopic surgery has a distinct disadvantage compared to direct vision: loss of binocular vision. Three‐dimensional endoscopy has been welcomed due to the promise of improving stereopsis. Methods Prospective randomized study of junior doctors with minimal endoscopic experience, using both two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional, zero‐degree, 4‐mm Storz endoscopes. Data was collected using validated, standardized training models, both objectively and subjectively. Paired comparisons between variables relating to the endoscopes were performed using Wilcoxon's tests. Operators were then split into groups based on their endoscope preference, with comparisons made using Mann‐Whitney tests for Likert scale responses, Kendall's tau for ordinal variables, and Fisher's exact tests for nominal variables. Results Reduction of field of vision of three‐dimensional endoscopy by 2%. Significant findings included decreased past‐pointing, improved depth and perception and image quality. Conclusion The use of an endoscopic endonasal approach with three‐dimensional technology has measurable advantages for novice users, and highlights potential tailoring of future surgical training Level of Evidence 1b
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2378-8038 , 2378-8038
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/lio2.v3.5
    DOI: 10.1002/lio2.207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2851702-7
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