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  • Online Resource  (8)
  • MDPI AG  (8)
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  • Online Resource  (8)
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  • MDPI AG  (8)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring the Physical-World Adversarial Robustness of Vehicle Detection
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Electronics Vol. 12, No. 18 ( 2023-09-18), p. 3921-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 18 ( 2023-09-18), p. 3921-
    Abstract: Adversarial attacks can compromise the robustness of real-world detection models. However, evaluating these models under real-world conditions poses challenges due to resource-intensive experiments. Virtual simulations offer an alternative, but the absence of standardized benchmarks hampers progress. Addressing this, we propose an innovative instant-level data generation pipeline using the CARLA simulator. Through this pipeline, we establish the Discrete and Continuous Instant-level (DCI) dataset, enabling comprehensive experiments involving three detection models and three physical adversarial attacks. Our findings highlight diverse model performances under adversarial conditions. YOLO v6 demonstrates remarkable resilience, exhibiting just a marginal 6.59% average drop in average precision (AP). In contrast, the ASA attack yields a substantial 14.51% average AP reduction, twice the effect of other algorithms. We also note that static scenes yield higher recognition AP values, and outcomes remain relatively consistent across varying weather conditions. Intriguingly, our study suggests that advancements in adversarial attack algorithms may be approaching its “limitation”. In summary, our work underscores the significance of adversarial attacks in real-world contexts and introduces the DCI dataset as a versatile benchmark. Our findings provide valuable insights for enhancing the robustness of detection models and offer guidance for future research endeavors in the realm of adversarial attacks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics12183921
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Polymer Ether Ketone Fibers on the Tribological Properties of Resin-Based Friction Materials
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2023-03-03), p. 2094-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2023-03-03), p. 2094-
    Abstract: Resin-based friction materials (RBFM) are widely used in the fields of automobiles, agriculture machinery and engineering machinery, and they are vital for safe and stable operation. In this paper, polymer ether ketone (PEEK) fibers were added to RBFM to enhance its tribological properties. Specimens were fabricated by wet granulation and hot-pressing. The relationship between intelligent reinforcement PEEK fibers and tribological behaviors was investigated by a JF150F-II constant-speed tester according to GB/T 5763-2008, and the worn surface morphology was observed using an EVO-18 scanning electron microscope. The results showed that PEEK fibers can efficiently enhance the tribological properties of RBFM. A specimen with 6 ωt% PEEK fibers obtained the optimal tribological performance, the fade ratio was −6.2%, which was much higher than that of the specimen without the addition of PEEK fibers, the recovery ratio was 108.59% and the wear rate was the lowest, which was 1.497 × 10−7 cm3/(Nm)−1. The reason for the enhancing tribological performance was that, on the one hand, PEEK fibers have a high strength and modulus which can enhance the specimens at lower temperatures; on the other hand, molten PEEK at high temperatures can also promote the formation of secondary plateaus, which are beneficial for friction. The results in this paper can lay a foundation for future studies on intelligent RBFM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16052094
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Cucumber Photosynthetic Rate Prediction Model in Whole Growth Period with Time Parameters
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-13), p. 204-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-13), p. 204-
    Abstract: Photosynthetic rate prediction models can provide guidance for crop photosynthetic process optimization, which has been widely used in the precise regulation of the protected environment. The photosynthetic capacity of crops continuously changes during their whole growth process. Previous studies on photosynthetic models mainly consider the interaction between a crop’s photosynthetic rate and its outer environmental conditions and have been able to predict a crop’s photosynthetic rate in a certain growth period. However, photosynthetic rate prediction models for whole growth periods have not been proposed yet. To solve this question, this paper introduces growing time into a variable set and proposes a method for building a cucumber photosynthetic rate prediction model of whole growth periods. First, the photosynthetic rate of cucumber leaves under different environmental conditions (light, temperature, and CO2 concentration) during the whole growth period was obtained through a multi-gradient nested test. With the environmental data and the cultivation time as the inputs, a photosynthetic rate prediction model was built using the Support Vector Regression algorithm. In order to obtain better modeling results, multiple kernel functions were used for pretraining, and the parameters of the Support Vector Regression algorithm were optimized based on multiple population genetic algorithms. Compared with a Back Propagation neural network and Non-linear Regression method, the Support Vector Regression model optimized had the highest accuracy, with the coefficient of determination of the test set was 0.998, and the average absolute error was 0.280 μmol·m−2·s−1, which provides a theoretical solution for the prediction of the cucumber photosynthetic rate during the whole growth period.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13010204
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Digital Twin Technologies for Enhanced Sustainability in the Construction Industry
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Buildings Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-04-16), p. 1113-
    Details
    In: Buildings, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-04-16), p. 1113-
    Abstract: Carbon emissions present a pressing challenge to the traditional construction industry, urging a fundamental shift towards more sustainable practices and materials. Recent advances in sensors, data fusion techniques, and artificial intelligence have enabled integrated digital technologies (e.g., digital twins) as a promising trend to achieve emission reduction and net-zero. While digital twins in the construction sector have shown rapid growth in recent years, most applications focus on the improvement of productivity, safety and management. There is a lack of critical review and discussion of state-of-the-art digital twins to improve sustainability in this sector, particularly in reducing carbon emissions. This paper reviews the existing research where digital twins have been directly used to enhance sustainability throughout the entire life cycle of a building (including design, construction, operation and maintenance, renovation, and demolition). Additionally, we introduce a conceptual framework for this industry, which involves the elements of the entire digital twin implementation process, and discuss the challenges faced during deployment, along with potential research opportunities. A proof-of-concept example is also presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed conceptual framework and potential of digital twins for enhanced sustainability. This study aims to inspire more forward-thinking research and innovation to fully exploit digital twin technologies and transform the traditional construction industry into a more sustainable sector.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-5309
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/buildings14041113
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661539-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Application of Pulsed Electric Field in Antifouling Treatment of Sodium Gluconate Mother Liquor by Electrodialysis
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Materials Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2020-05-30), p. 2501-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2020-05-30), p. 2501-
    Abstract: Contamination of ion exchange membranes is one of the major problems in electrodialysis. Among the solutions that have been proposed and tested to alleviate membrane fouling during electrodialysis so far, applying a pulsed electric field (PEF) at a fixed application time (Ton) followed by a pause time (Toff) has been proved to be effective. In this study, the PEF was applied to desalinate sodium gluconate mother liquor by ED. The experimental properties of conventional ED and pulsed ED and their effects on membrane fouling were compared. The results show that compared with conventional ED, pulsed ED can alleviate concentration polarization and enhance the performance of ED. Similarly, in the process of continuous batch treatment of mother liquor under the PEF condition, large organic molecules can be effectively prevented from depositing on the membrane surface. Therefore, an anion exchange membrane (AEM) under the condition of PEF is contaminated mainly by organic molecules with a relatively smaller size. Both the surface and interior of AEM membrane were affected by organic pollutants under conventional electric field (CEF) conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma13112501
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapid Microfluidic Mixing Method Based on Droplet Rotation Due to PDMS Deformation
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2021-07-29), p. 901-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2021-07-29), p. 901-
    Abstract: Droplet-based micromixers have shown great prospects in chemical synthesis, pharmacology, biologics, and diagnostics. When compared with the active method, passive micromixer is widely used because it relies on the droplet movement in the microchannel without extra energy, which is more concise and easier to operate. Here we present a droplet rotation-based microfluidic mixer that allows rapid mixing within individual droplets efficiently. PDMS deformation is used to construct subsidence on the roof of the microchannel, which can deviate the trajectory of droplets. Thus, the droplet shows a rotation behavior due to the non-uniform distribution of the flow field, which can introduce turbulence and induce cross-flow enhancing 3D mixing inside the droplet, achieving rapid and homogenous fluid mixing. In order to evaluate the performance of the droplet rotation-based microfluidic mixer, droplets with highly viscous fluid (60% w/w PEGDA solution) were generated, half of which was seeded with fluorescent dye for imaging. Mixing efficiency was quantified using the mixing index (MI), which shows as high as 92% mixing index was achieved within 12 mm traveling. Here in this work, it has been demonstrated that the microfluidic mixing method based on the droplet rotation has shown the advantages of low-cost, easy to operate, and high mixing efficiency. It is expected to find wide applications in the field of pharmaceutics, chemical synthesis, and biologics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi12080901
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Scandoside Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect Via Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-02-03), p. 457-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-02-03), p. 457-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020457
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of Flow and Runner Dynamic Response Characteristics under Pump Conditions of Variable-Speed Pump Turbine
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-07-26), p. 1493-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-07-26), p. 1493-
    Abstract: Pumped storage power stations can ensure the safe operation of the grid, as well as utilize clean energy sources to establish a low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system. As pump turbines, the core components of pumped storage power plants, become more and more popular, the technical requirements for hydraulic design begin to improve year by year. However, when the unit operates far beyond the optimal range, the variable-speed pump turbine can overcome the shortcomings of the fixed-speed unit and solve the problem of unstable operation under partial load. The pressure pulsation of the unit in the pump condition is investigated by numerical simulation, analyzing the hydraulic thrust, and studying the dynamic response characteristics of the runner at a maximum speed of 456.5 rpm. Comparing the pressure pulsation amplitude of various components in the entire flow passage, the highest values of pressure pulsation were found in the runner and vaneless space. The axial hydraulic thrust has a fluctuation range between 174t and 198t and 0t to 40t for radial force. As per the structural analysis, it has been observed that the runner demonstrates uneven patterns in both its axial and radial deformations, with deformation mainly concentrated in radial displacement and stress distribution mainly concentrated on the blades near the crown. The dynamic stress amplitude of the runner at monitoring point S1 (located on the runner blade near the crown) is 37 MPa. This stress has a dominant frequency of 4.8fn, while the monitoring point S2 (located on the runner blade near the band) is 4 MPa, and the dominant frequency is 1.8fn. Using these findings, the design of the variable-speed pump turbine’s runner can be optimized, and the unit’s stable and secure operation can be guided accordingly.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse11081493
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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