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  • Online Resource  (2)
  • MDPI AG  (2)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Diagnosis of Newly Delivered Mothers for Periodontitis with a Novel Oral-Rinse aMMP-8 Point-of-Care Test in a Rural Malawian Population
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2018-09-15), p. 67-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2018-09-15), p. 67-
    Abstract: A novel qualitative point-of-care test of activated matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) using noninvasive oral rinse sampling procedures has been developed for the early detection of collagen breakdown indicating periodontal tissue destruction. The main object of this study was to assess the reliability of the test in a low-income setting to identify participants with history of periodontal destruction detected as alveolar bone loss (ABL) in radiographs. This cross-sectional study included 486 women who had recently delivered in rural Malawi. The aMMP-8 test and dental panoramic radiographs were taken within 48 h of delivery. The performance of the test in comparison to radiological examinations was tested by following the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies protocol (STARD) with respective statistical measures and 95% confidence intervals. From the 486 eligible participants, 461 mothers with complete data, aged from 15 to 46 years (mean 24.8, SD 6.0) were included in the analysis. ABL was identified in 116 of 461 participants. There was 56% agreement between the aMMP-8 test results and detected ABL (yes or no) in radiographs. Calculated sensitivity of the test was 80% (72–87%), specificity 48% (43–54%), positive predictive value 34% (31–37%), negative predictive value 88% (83–91%), positive likelihood ratio 1.55 (1.35–1.77), and negative likelihood ratio 0.41(0.28–0.60). The aMMP-8 test sensitivity and negative predictive value to identify the ABL cases were relatively high, but there was additionally a high rate of test-positive results in participants without ABL, especially in young mothers, leading to low overall agreement between the test results and radiological bone loss. Further longitudinal studies are needed to examine if the test positive subjects are in risk of future bone loss before the detectable signs of periodontitis in radiographs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8030067
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lack of Associations between Environmental Exposures and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction among 18-Month-Old Children in Rural Malawi
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 17 ( 2022-09-01), p. 10891-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 17 ( 2022-09-01), p. 10891-
    Abstract: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is common and contributes to linear growth faltering (stunting) and mortality among children in low-resource settings. A few studies on the environmental causes of EED have been conducted but the exact exposures that cause or predispose children to EED are context-specific and not clear. This study aimed to assess associations between selected environmental exposures and EED markers among 620 18-month-old children. This was a secondary analysis of data from Malawian children who participated in a randomized controlled trial (iLiNS-DYAD, registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01239693) from birth to 18 months of age. Data on environmental exposures, including drinking water source, sanitation, exposure to animals, housing materials, season, residential area, and food insecurity were collected at enrolment. Biomarkers of EED included concentrations of calprotectin, regenerating 1B protein (REG1B), and alpha-1-antitrypsin from stool samples to assess intestinal inflammation, repair, and permeability, respectively. We performed bivariate and multivariable analyses to assess associations between environmental exposures and EED biomarkers. Adjusting for possible confounders, we did not find associations between the selected environmental exposures and the three biomarkers. These results do not provide support for our hypothesis that the studied adverse environmental exposures are associated with increased concentrations of children’s EED markers in rural Malawi.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710891
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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