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  • Online Resource  (49)
  • American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)  (49)
  • 1
    In: Cancer Discovery, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2018-12-01), p. 1548-1565
    Abstract: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal cancer of the lining of the chest cavity. To expand our understanding of MPM, we conducted a comprehensive integrated genomic study, including the most detailed analysis of BAP1 alterations to date. We identified histology-independent molecular prognostic subsets, and defined a novel genomic subtype with TP53 and SETDB1 mutations and extensive loss of heterozygosity. We also report strong expression of the immune-checkpoint gene VISTA in epithelioid MPM, strikingly higher than in other solid cancers, with implications for the immune response to MPM and for its immunotherapy. Our findings highlight new avenues for further investigation of MPM biology and novel therapeutic options. Significance: Through a comprehensive integrated genomic study of 74 MPMs, we provide a deeper understanding of histology-independent determinants of aggressive behavior, define a novel genomic subtype with TP53 and SETDB1 mutations and extensive loss of heterozygosity, and discovered strong expression of the immune-checkpoint gene VISTA in epithelioid MPM. See related commentary by Aggarwal and Albelda, p. 1508. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1494
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2159-8274 , 2159-8290
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 2
    In: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2015-03-01), p. 512-519
    Abstract: Background: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) represents a subset of colorectal cancers characterized by widespread aberrant DNA hypermethylation at select CpG islands. The risk factors and environmental exposures contributing to etiologic heterogeneity between CIMP and non-CIMP tumors are not known. Methods: We measured the CIMP status of 3,119 primary population-based colorectal cancer tumors from the multinational Colon Cancer Family Registry. Etiologic heterogeneity was assessed by a case–case study comparing risk factor frequency of colorectal cancer cases with CIMP and non-CIMP tumors using logistic regression to estimate the case–case odds ratio (ccOR). Results: We found associations between tumor CIMP status and MSI-H (ccOR = 7.6), BRAF V600E mutation (ccOR = 59.8), proximal tumor site (ccOR = 9; all P & lt; 0.0001), female sex [ccOR = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–2.1], older age (ccOR = 4.0 comparing over 70 years vs. under 50; 95% CI, 3.0–5.5), and family history of CRC (ccOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5–0.7). While use of NSAIDs varied by tumor CIMP status for both males and females (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.02, respectively), use of multivitamin or calcium supplements did not. Only for female colorectal cancer was CIMP status associated with increased pack-years of smoking (Ptrend & lt; 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; Ptrend = 0.03). Conclusions: The frequency of several colorectal cancer risk factors varied by CIMP status, and the associations of smoking and obesity with tumor subtype were evident only for females. Impact: Differences in the associations of a unique DNA methylation–based subgroup of colorectal cancer with important lifestyle and environmental exposures increase understanding of the molecular pathologic epidemiology of this heavily methylated subset of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 512–9. ©2015 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1055-9965 , 1538-7755
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 3
    In: Cancer Prevention Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 2011-04-01), p. 530-543
    Abstract: Low folate status increases colorectal cancer risk. Paradoxically, overly abundant folate supplementation, which is not uncommon in the United States, may increase risk. The mechanisms of these effects are unknown. We conducted two translational studies to define molecular pathways in the human colon altered either by folate supplementation or by dietary folate depletion (followed by repletion). In the first study, 10 healthy, at-risk volunteers (with documented stable/normal folate intake) received supplemental folic acid (1 mg/d) for 8 weeks. In the second study, 10 similar subjects were admitted to a hospital as inpatients for 12 weeks to study folate depletion induced by a low folate diet. A repletion regimen of folic acid (1 mg/d) was provided for the last 4 of these weeks. Both studies included an 8-week run-in period to ensure stabilized folate levels prior to intervention. We obtained 12 rectosigmoid biopsies (from 4 quadrants of normal-appearing mucosa 10–15 cm from the anal verge) at baseline and at measured intervals in both studies for assessing the primary endpoints: genome-wide gene expression, genomic DNA methylation, promoter methylation (depletion/repletion study only), and p53 DNA strand breaks. Serum and rectosigmoid folate concentrations accurately tracked all changes in folate delivery (P & lt; 0.05). In the first study, gene array analysis revealed that supplementation upregulated multiple inflammation- and immune-related pathways in addition to altering several 1-carbon–related enzymes (P & lt; 0.001). In the second study, folate depletion downregulated genes involved in immune response, inflammation, the cell cycle, and mitochondrial/energy pathways; repletion reversed most of these changes. However, changes in gene expression after repletion in the second study (involving immune response and inflammation) did not reach the levels seen after supplementation in the first study. Neither genomic nor promoter-specific DNA methylation changed during the course of the depletion/repletion protocol, and genomic methylation did not change with supplementation in the first study. p53 DNA strand breaks increased with depletion after 12 weeks. In sum, depletion downregulates, whereas repletion or supplementation upregulates pathways related to inflammation and immune response. These findings provide novel support to the concept that excessive folate supplementation might promote colorectal carcinogenesis by enhancing proinflammatory and immune response pathways. These results indicate that modest changes in folate delivery create substantial changes in the molecular milieu of the human colon. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 530–43. ©2011 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1940-6207 , 1940-6215
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 4
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 70, No. 20 ( 2010-10-15), p. 8169-8178
    Abstract: Urothelial cancer (UC) develops along two different genetic pathways, resulting in noninvasive or invasive tumors. However, it is unknown whether there are also different epigenetic pathways in UC. UC is also characterized by a high rate of recurrence, and the presence of a field defect has been postulated. In this study, we compared the DNA methylation patterns between noninvasive and invasive UC and the DNA methylation patterns between normal-appearing urothelium from bladders with cancer and urothelium from cancer-free bladders. We used the Illumina GoldenGate methylation assay at 1,370 loci in 49 noninvasive urothelial tumors, 38 invasive tumors with matched normal-appearing urothelium, and urothelium from 12 age-matched UC-free patients. We found distinct patterns of hypomethylation in the noninvasive tumors and widespread hypermethylation in the invasive tumors, confirming that the two pathways differ epigenetically in addition to genetically. We also found that 12% of the loci were hypermethylated in apparently normal urothelium from bladders with cancer, indicating an epigenetic field defect. X-chromosome inactivation analysis indicated that this field defect did not result in clonal expansion but occurred independently across the urothelium of bladders with cancer. The hypomethylation present in noninvasive tumors may counterintuitively provide a biological explanation for the failure of these tumors to become invasive. In addition, an epithelium-wide epigenetic defect in bladders with cancer might contribute to a loss of epithelial integrity and create a permissible environment for tumors to arise. Cancer Res; 70(20); 8169–78. ©2010 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 5
    In: Clinical Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2017-06-01), p. 2691-2701
    Abstract: Purpose: In breast cancer models, combination epigenetic therapy with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and a histone deacetylase inhibitor led to reexpression of genes encoding important therapeutic targets, including the estrogen receptor (ER). We conducted a multicenter phase II study of 5-azacitidine and entinostat in women with advanced hormone-resistant or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Experimental Design: Patients received 5-azacitidine 40 mg/m2 (days 1–5, 8–10) and entinostat 7 mg (days 3, 10) on a 28-day cycle. Continuation of epigenetic therapy was offered with the addition of endocrine therapy at the time of progression [optional continuation (OC) phase]. Primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) in each cohort. We hypothesized that ORR would be ≥20% against null of 5% using Simon two-stage design. At least one response was required in 1 of 13 patients per cohort to continue accrual to 27 per cohort (type I error, 4%; power, 90%). Results: There was one partial response among 27 women with hormone-resistant disease (ORR = 4%; 95% CI, 0–19), and none in 13 women with TNBC. One additional partial response was observed in the OC phase in the hormone-resistant cohort (n = 12). Mandatory tumor samples were obtained pre- and posttreatment (58% paired) with either up- or downregulation of ER observed in approximately 50% of posttreatment biopsies in the hormone-resistant, but not TNBC cohort. Conclusions: Combination epigenetic therapy was well tolerated, but our primary endpoint was not met. OC phase results suggest that some women benefit from epigenetic therapy and/or reintroduction of endocrine therapy beyond progression, but further study is needed. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2691–701. ©2016 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1078-0432 , 1557-3265
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 6
    In: Cancer Prevention Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 1, No. 4 ( 2008-09-01), p. 233-240
    Abstract: Recent successes in the application of epigenetic drugs for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome have raised questions on the safety of long-term administration of DNA methylation inhibitors. We treated preweaned cancer prone ApcMin/+ (Min) mice continuously with the DNA methylation inhibitor zebularine in their drinking water to determine the effects of the drug on normal mouse development as well as cancer prevention. Zebularine caused a tissue-specific reduction in DNA methylation at B1 short interspersed nucleotide elements in the small and large intestines of female Min mice but not in other organs examined after chronic oral treatment. No significant difference in the average weights of mice was observed during the treatment. In addition, analysis of global gene expression of colonic epithelial cells from the females indicated that only 3% to 6% of the genes were affected in their expression. We did not detect toxicity and abnormalities from the histopathologic analysis of liver and intestinal tissues. Lastly, we tested whether prevention of tumorigenesis can be achieved with chronic oral administration of zebularine in Min mice. The average number of polyps in Min females decreased from 58 to 1, whereas the average polyp number remained unaffected in Min males possibly due to differential activity of aldehyde oxidase. Taken together, our results show for the first time that long-term oral administration of zebularine causes a gender-specific abrogation of intestinal tumors while causing a tissue-specific DNA demethylation. Importantly, prolonged treatment of mice with epigenetic drugs resulted in only minor developmental and histologic changes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1940-6207 , 1940-6215
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) ; 2006
    In:  Cancer Research Vol. 66, No. 17 ( 2006-09-01), p. 8430-8438
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 66, No. 17 ( 2006-09-01), p. 8430-8438
    Abstract: Colorectal cancer, one of the most common human malignancies in the Western world, is often subdivided based on tumor location in either the distal or proximal colon. Several mouse models have been developed to study human colorectal cancer, but few display this clear distinction between the two colonic locations. By crossing ApcMin/+ and Smad3 mutant mice, we showed that combined activation of the Wnt pathway and attenuation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway causes high multiplicity and rapid onset of invasive tumorigenesis almost exclusively in the distal colon, closely mimicking the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) disease and consisting with distinct colorectal cancer etiologies based on tumor location. Transcriptional profiling revealed higher expression of several TGF-β activators in the normal distal mucosa than in proximal mucosa, suggesting a stronger reliance on TGF-β-mediated growth control in the distal than in the proximal colon. ApcMin/+Smad3−/− mice provide an alternative model to ApcMin/+ mice to study FAP and distal sporadic colorectal cancer. This model will be useful in dissecting mechanistic and etiologic differences between proximal and distal colonic cancer, whereas the confinement of tumorigenesis to the distal colon offers unique advantages in monitoring tumor progression by in vivo imaging. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(17): 8430-8)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 8
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 64, No. 11 ( 2004-06-01), p. 3807-3813
    Abstract: We have generated DNA methylation profiles of 148 human breast tumors and found significant differences in hormone receptor (HR) status between clusters of DNA methylation profiles. Of 35 DNA methylation markers analyzed, the ESR1 gene, encoding estrogen receptor α, proved to be the best predictor of progesterone receptor status, whereas methylation of the PGR gene, encoding progesterone receptor, was the best predictor of estrogen receptor status. ESR1 methylation outperformed HR status as a predictor of clinical response in patients treated with the antiestrogen tamoxifen, whereas promoter methylation of the CYP1B1 gene, encoding a tamoxifen- and estradiol-metabolizing cytochrome P450, predicted response differentially in tamoxifen-treated and nontamoxifen-treated patients. High levels of promoter methylation of the ARHI gene, encoding a RAS-related small G-protein, were strongly predictive of good survival in patients who had not received tamoxifen therapy. Our results reveal an as yet unrecognized degree of interaction between DNA methylation and HR biology in breast cancer cells and suggest potentially clinically useful novel DNA methylation predictors of response to hormonal and non-hormonal breast cancer therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 9
    In: Cancer Prevention Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 4, No. 12 ( 2011-12-01), p. 2035-2043
    Abstract: Increased alcohol consumption is a putative colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factor. However, existing data are less conclusive for women than men. Also, to date, relatively few studies have reported alcohol-related CRC risks based on molecularly defined tumor subtypes. We evaluated associations between alcohol intake and incident CRC, overall and by microsatellite instability [MSI high (MSI-H) or MSI low/microsatellite stable (MSI-L/MSS)], CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP positive or CIMP negative), and BRAF mutation (mutated or wild-type) status in the prospective, population-based Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS; n = 41,836). Subjects were 55 to 69 years at baseline (1986), and exposure data were obtained by self-report. Incident CRCs were prospectively identified and archived, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were collected from 732 representative cases, diagnosed through December 31, 2002. Multivariate Cox regression models were fit to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among alcohol consumers, the median intake (range ) was 3.4 (0.9–292.8) g/d. Compared with nonconsumers, alcohol intake levels of 3.4 g/d or less (RR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.86–1.15) and more than 3.4 g/d (RR = 1.06; 95% CI, 0.91–1.24) were not significantly associated with overall CRC risk. Analyses based on alcohol intake levels of 30 g/d or less and more than 30 g/d or quartile distributions yielded similar risk estimates. Null associations were also observed between each alcohol intake level and the MSI-, CIMP- or, BRAF-defined CRC subtypes (P & gt; 0.05 for each comparison). These data do not support an adverse effect from alcohol intake on CRC risk, overall or by specific molecularly defined subtypes, among older women. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 2035–43. ©2011 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1940-6207 , 1940-6215
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2422346-3
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  • 10
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 72, No. 8_Supplement ( 2012-04-15), p. 5518-5518
    Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Three molecular pathways (traditional, serrated and alternate) have been recently proposed based on integrated combinations of microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP), BRAF mutation, and KRAS mutation status (Gastroenterol 2010;138:2088-2100). To our knowledge, clinicopathologic associations with these CRC pathways have not been previously described. Methods: Data and tissue resources were obtained from the population-based Iowa Women's Health Study, which recruited 41,836 randomly selected women, ages 55-69 years, at study entry (1986). Incident CRC cases were ascertained by annual linkage with the Iowa Cancer Registry. Archived, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were collected from 732 CRC cases diagnosed through 12/31/2002. Established laboratory methods were used to characterize CRC cases by MSI (MSS/MSI-L or MSI-H), CIMP (neg, low, or high), BRAF mutation (wt or mut), and KRAS mutation (wt or mut) status. Molecular pathways were defined as: traditional (MSS/MSI-L, CIMP-neg, BRAF wt, and KRAS wt); serrated (any MSI, CIMP-high, BRAF mut, and KRAS wt), alternate (MSS/MSI-L, CIMP-low, BRAF wt, and KRAS mut), or other pathway. Chi-square tests and analyses of variance were used to compare clinicopathologic features at CRC presentation (age, anatomic subsite, tumor grade, and SEER stage) across the molecular pathways. Results: Comlete and informative MSI, CIMP, BRAF and KRAS data were obtained for 491/732 (67%) CRC cases. Clinicopathologic associations are shown in the Table. Conclusions: These data suggest that distributions of age at diagnosis, subsite, and tumor grade, but not SEER stage, differ across the traditional, serrated, and alternate carcinogenic pathways, which may have implications for molecularly-targeted CRC prevention and/or therapy strategies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5518. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5518
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2012
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410466-3
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