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1

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Martian Fluvial Conglomerates at Gale Crater

Williams, R. M. E. ; Grotzinger, J. P. ; Dietrich, W. E. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 340, No. 6136 ( 2013-05-31), p. 1068-1072

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 340, No. 6136 ( 2013-05-31), p. 1068-1072

Abstract: Observations by the Mars Science Laboratory Mast Camera (Mastcam) in Gale crater reveal isolated outcrops of cemented pebbles (2 to 40 millimeters in diameter) and sand grains with textures typical of fluvial sedimentary conglomerates. Rounded pebbles in the conglomerates indicate substantial fluvial abrasion. ChemCam emission spectra at one outcrop show a predominantly feldspathic composition, consistent with minimal aqueous alteration of sediments. Sediment was mobilized in ancient water flows that likely exceeded the threshold conditions (depth 0.03 to 0.9 meter, average velocity 0.20 to 0.75 meter per second) required to transport the pebbles. Climate conditions at the time sediment was transported must have differed substantially from the cold, hyper-arid modern environment to permit aqueous flows across several kilometers.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1237317

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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2

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Elemental Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

McLennan, S. M. ; Anderson, R. B. ; Bell, J. F. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived from sources that evolved from an approximately average martian crustal composition to one influenced by alkaline basalts. No evidence of chemical weathering is preserved, indicating arid, possibly cold, paleoclimates and rapid erosion and deposition. The absence of predicted geochemical variations indicates that magnetite and phyllosilicates formed by diagenesis under low-temperature, circumneutral pH, rock-dominated aqueous conditions. Analyses of diagenetic features (including concretions, raised ridges, and fractures) at high spatial resolution indicate that they are composed of iron- and halogen-rich components, magnesium-iron-chlorine–rich components, and hydrated calcium sulfates, respectively. Composition of a cross-cutting dike-like feature is consistent with sedimentary intrusion. The geochemistry of these sedimentary rocks provides further evidence for diverse depositional and diagenetic sedimentary environments during the early history of Mars.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1244734

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TA 1000

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Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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3

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Curiosity at Gale Crater, Mars: Characterization and Analysis of the Rocknest Sand Shadow

Blake, D. F. ; Morris, R. V. ; Kocurek, G. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand 〈 150 micrometers in size contains ~55% crystalline material consistent with a basaltic heritage and ~45% x-ray amorphous material. The amorphous component of Rocknest is iron-rich and silicon-poor and is the host of the volatiles (water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument and of the fine-grained nanophase oxide component first described from basaltic soils analyzed by MERs. The similarity between soils and aeolian materials analyzed at Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, and Gale Crater implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basaltic components deposited locally at all three locations.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1239505

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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4

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Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars

Meslin, P.-Y. ; Gasnault, O. ; Forni, O. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The ChemCam instrument, which provides insight into martian soil chemistry at the submillimeter scale, identified two principal soil types along the Curiosity rover traverse: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type. The mafic soil component is representative of widespread martian soils and is similar in composition to the martian dust. It possesses a ubiquitous hydrogen signature in ChemCam spectra, corresponding to the hydration of the amorphous phases found in the soil by the CheMin instrument. This hydration likely accounts for an important fraction of the global hydration of the surface seen by previous orbital measurements. ChemCam analyses did not reveal any significant exchange of water vapor between the regolith and the atmosphere. These observations provide constraints on the nature of the amorphous phases and their hydration.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238670

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TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

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5

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Evidence for indigenous nitrogen in sedimentary and aeolian deposits from the Curiosity rover investigations at Gale crater, Mars

Stern, Jennifer C. ; Sutter, Brad ; Freissinet, Caroline ; [et al.]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2015

In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 112, No. 14 ( 2015-04-07), p. 4245-4250

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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 14 ( 2015-04-07), p. 4245-4250

Abstract: The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) investigation on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover has detected oxidized nitrogen-bearing compounds during pyrolysis of scooped aeolian sediments and drilled sedimentary deposits within Gale crater. Total N concentrations ranged from 20 to 250 nmol N per sample. After subtraction of known N sources in SAM, our results support the equivalent of 110–300 ppm of nitrate in the Rocknest (RN) aeolian samples, and 70–260 and 330–1,100 ppm nitrate in John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) mudstone deposits, respectively. Discovery of indigenous martian nitrogen in Mars surface materials has important implications for habitability and, specifically, for the potential evolution of a nitrogen cycle at some point in martian history. The detection of nitrate in both wind-drifted fines (RN) and in mudstone (JK, CB) is likely a result of N 2 fixation to nitrate generated by thermal shock from impact or volcanic plume lightning on ancient Mars. Fixed nitrogen could have facilitated the development of a primitive nitrogen cycle on the surface of ancient Mars, potentially providing a biochemically accessible source of nitrogen.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420932112

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Language: English

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Publication Date: 2015

detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5

detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8

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6

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The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite

Stolper, E. M. ; Baker, M. B. ; Newcombe, M. E. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: “Jake_M,” the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Curiosity rover, differs substantially in chemical composition from other known martian igneous rocks: It is alkaline ( 〉 15% normative nepheline) and relatively fractionated. Jake_M is compositionally similar to terrestrial mugearites, a rock type typically found at ocean islands and continental rifts. By analogy with these comparable terrestrial rocks, Jake_M could have been produced by extensive fractional crystallization of a primary alkaline or transitional magma at elevated pressure, with or without elevated water contents. The discovery of Jake_M suggests that alkaline magmas may be more abundant on Mars than on Earth and that Curiosity could encounter even more fractionated alkaline rocks (for example, phonolites and trachytes).

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1239463

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TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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7

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Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover

Mahaffy, Paul R. ; Webster, Christopher R. ; Atreya, Sushil K. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6143 ( 2013-07-19), p. 263-266

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6143 ( 2013-07-19), p. 263-266

Abstract: Volume mixing and isotope ratios secured with repeated atmospheric measurements taken with the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite on the Curiosity rover are: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 0.960(±0.007); argon-40 ( 40 Ar), 0.0193(±0.0001); nitrogen (N 2 ), 0.0189(±0.0003); oxygen, 1.45(±0.09) × 10 −3 ; carbon monoxide, 〈 1.0 × 10 −3 ; and 40 Ar/ 36 Ar, 1.9(±0.3) × 10 3 . The 40 Ar/N 2 ratio is 1.7 times greater and the 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio 1.6 times lower than values reported by the Viking Lander mass spectrometer in 1976, whereas other values are generally consistent with Viking and remote sensing observations. The 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio is consistent with martian meteoritic values, which provides additional strong support for a martian origin of these rocks. The isotopic signature δ 13 C from CO 2 of ~45 per mil is independently measured with two instruments. This heavy isotope enrichment in carbon supports the hypothesis of substantial atmospheric loss.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1237966

RVK:

TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

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8

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Low Upper Limit to Methane Abundance on Mars

Webster, Christopher R. ; Mahaffy, Paul R. ; Atreya, Sushil K. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 342, No. 6156 ( 2013-10-18), p. 355-357

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 342, No. 6156 ( 2013-10-18), p. 355-357

Abstract: By analogy with Earth, methane in the Martian atmosphere is a potential signature of ongoing or past biological activity. During the past decade, Earth-based telescopic observations reported “plumes” of methane of tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv), and those from Mars orbit showed localized patches, prompting speculation of sources from subsurface bacteria or nonbiological sources. From in situ measurements made with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on Curiosity using a distinctive spectral pattern specific to methane, we report no detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of 0.18 ± 0.67 ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence level), which reduces the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars and limits the recent contribution from extraplanetary and geologic sources.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1242902

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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9

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Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Vaniman, D. T. ; Bish, D. L. ; Ming, D. W. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: Sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay (Gale crater) on Mars include mudstone sampled by the Curiosity rover. The samples, John Klein and Cumberland, contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxide or hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The John Klein smectite has basal spacing of ~10 angstroms, indicating little interlayer hydration. The Cumberland smectite has basal spacing at both ~13.2 and ~10 angstroms. The larger spacing suggests a partially chloritized interlayer or interlayer magnesium or calcium facilitating H 2 O retention. Basaltic minerals in the mudstone are similar to those in nearby eolian deposits. However, the mudstone has far less Fe-forsterite, possibly lost with formation of smectite plus magnetite. Late Noachian/Early Hesperian or younger age indicates that clay mineral formation on Mars extended beyond Noachian time.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1243480

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

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10

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X-ray Diffraction Results from Mars Science Laboratory: Mineralogy of Rocknest at Gale Crater

Bish, D. L. ; Blake, D. F. ; Vaniman, D. T. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument revealed plagioclase (~An57), forsteritic olivine (~Fo62), augite, and pigeonite, with minor K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, anhydrite, hematite, and ilmenite. The minor phases are present at, or near, detection limits. The soil also contains 27 ± 14 weight percent x-ray amorphous material, likely containing multiple Fe 3+ - and volatile-bearing phases, including possibly a substance resembling hisingerite. The crystalline component is similar to the normative mineralogy of certain basaltic rocks from Gusev crater on Mars and of martian basaltic meteorites. The amorphous component is similar to that found on Earth in places such as soils on the Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238932

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TA 1000

RVK:

WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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