Note: Front Cover -- Solar Versus Nuclear: Choosing Energy Futures -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Summary of Contents -- Units of measurement -- Chapter 1. Energy - Some Viewpoints and General Approaches -- Energy - on the market and in nature -- Energy in society -- Energy in the economy -- Energy in the society of the future -- What is the real problem? -- Chapter 2. Energy and Societal Development in Interaction -- Introduction -- Change of energy sources - technology and organization -- The Swedish electricity system -- Some observations -- The development of energy consumption -- Energy in politics -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3. Sweden's Energy Supply from an International Perspective -- Introduction -- Global energy consumption -- Energy supplies - in industrialised and developing countries -- Oil -- Natural gas -- Coal -- Nuclear power -- Renewable energy sources -- Other energy sources -- Sweden in the future energy market -- Chapter 4. Two Energy Futures -- Nuclear Sweden -- Solar Sweden -- Similarities and dissimilarities between Nuclear and Solar Sweden -- Variants of Nuclear Sweden and Solar Sweden -- Chapter 5. Where are we going? -- Introduction -- The energy enterprises and the system of rules and regulations - a consideration of principles -- Technological change - the need for a driving force (entrepreneurship) -- Research, development, plans and expectations -- Tariffs and financing as conditions for competition -- Piecemeal decision-making - an intellectual experiment -- Chapter 6. The Transitional Period - on Energy Supply in the 80's -- Introduction -- Energy sources during a transitional period -- Energy utilisation during the transitional period -- Chapter 7. Organization of Energy Policy -- Introduction -- Who can take the responsibility? -- Local government energy planning. , The strategic aims of the state -- The financing of energy management -- The organization of the electricity sector -- Chapter 8. Choosing a Future - Uncertainties and Values -- Introduction -- Technology and societal structure -- Faith in the social system -- Energy and everyday life -- The society of the future and the alternatives -- Bibliography and Notes -- Energy - some methods of approach -- Energy and societal development in interaction -- Sweden's energy supply from an international perspective -- Two energy futures -- Where are we going? -- The Transitional period - on the energy supply in the 80's -- Organization of Energy Policy -- Choosing a Future - Uncertainties and Values -- The Secretariat for Futures Studies - Organization -- Background -- Projects -- Project Groups -- Index.

Note: Intro -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE AND COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOWS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 The Energy Cascade in the Spectrum in Equilibrium Flows -- 1.2 Kolmogorov Scales -- 1.3 Equilibrium Estimates for Dissipation -- 1.4 The Dynamics of Turbulence -- 2 EQUILIBRIUM AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM FLOWS -- 2.1 The Spectral Cascade in Non-Equilibrium Flows -- 2.2 Delay in Crossing the Spectrum -- 2.3 Negative Production -- 2.4 Mixing of Fluid with Different Histories -- 2.5 Deformation Work in Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Situations -- 2.6 Alignment of Eigenvectors -- 2.7 Dilatational Dissipation and Irrotational Dissipation -- 2.8 Eddy Shocklets -- 3 PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION AND WAVELET REPRESENTATIONS -- 3.1 Coherent Structures -- 3.2 The Role of Coherent Structures in Turbulence Dynamics -- 3.3 The POD as a Representation of Coherent Structures -- 3.4 Low-Dimensional Models Constructed Using the POD -- 3.5 Comparison with the Wall Region -- 3.6 Generation of Eigenfunctions from Stability Arguments -- 3.7 Wavelet Representations -- 3.8 Dynamics with the Wavelet Representation in a Simple Equation -- 4 REFERENCES -- 2 DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOWS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PROBLEM OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION -- 3 SIMULATION OF HOMOGENEOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENCE -- 4 WALL-BOUNDED AND INHOMOGENEOUS FLOWS -- 5 FAST, VISCOUS VORTEX METHODS -- 6 SIMULATION OF COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENCE -- 7 REFERENCES -- 3 LARGE EDDY SIMULATION -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TURBULENCE AND ITS PREDICTION -- 2.1 The Nature of Turbulence -- 2.2 RANS Models -- 2.3 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) -- 3 FILTERING -- 4 SUBGRID SCALE MODELING -- 4.1 Physics of the Subgrid Scale Terms -- 4.2 Smagorinsky Model -- 4.3 A Priori Testing -- 4.4 Scale Similarity Model -- 4.5 Dynamic Procedure -- 4.6 Spectral Models. , 4.7 Effects of Other Strains -- 4.8 Other Models -- 5 WALL MODELS -- 6 NUMERICAL METHODS -- 7 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PROSPECTS -- 8 COHERENT STRUCTURE CAPTURING -- 8.1 The Concept -- 8.2 Modeling Issues -- 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 10 REFERENCES -- 4 INTRODUCTION TO RENORMALIZATION GROUP MODELING OF TURBULENCE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PERTURBATION THEORY FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS -- 3 RENORMALIZATION GROUP METHOD FOR RESUMMATION OF DIVERGENT SERIES -- 4 TRANSPORT MODELING -- 5 REFERENCES -- 5 MODELING OF TURBULENT TRANSPORT EQUATIONS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOWS -- 2.1 Reynolds Averages -- 2.2 Reynolds-Averaged Equations -- 2.3 The Closure Problem -- 2.4 Older Zero- and One-Equation Models -- 2.5 Transport Equations of Turbulence -- 2.6 Two-Equation Models -- 2.7 Full Second-Order Closures -- 3 COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENCE -- 3.1 Compressible Reynolds Averages -- 3.2 Compressible Reynolds-Averaged Equations -- 3.3 Compressible Reynolds Stress Transport Equation -- 3.4 Compressible Two-Equation Models -- 3.5 Illustrative Examples -- 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 5 REFERENCES -- 6 AN INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE-POINT CLOSURE METHODOLOGY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 The Reynolds Equations -- 1.2 Mean Scalar Transport -- 1.3 The Modeling Framework -- 1.4 Second-Moment Equations -- 1.5 The WET Model of Turbulence -- 2 CLOSURE AND SIMPLIFICATION OF THE SECOND-MOMENT EQUATIONS -- 2.1 Some Basic Guidelines -- 2.2 The Dissipative Correlations -- 2.3 Non-Dispersive Pressure Interactions -- 2.4 Diffusive Transport d[sub(ij)], d[sub(i& -- #952 -- )] -- 2.5 Determining the Energy Dissipation Rate -- 2.6 Simplifications to Second-Moment Closures -- 2.7 Non-Linear Eddy Viscosity Models -- 3 LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER TURBULENCE NEAR WALLS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Limiting Forms of Turbulence Correlations in the Viscous Sublayer. , 3.3 Low Reynolds Number Modelling -- 3.4 Applications -- 4 REFERENCES -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Z.

Note: Front cover -- Half title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Kinematics, thermodynamics and fluid transport properties -- 1.1 Kinematic preliminaries -- 1.2 Equilibrium thermodynamics -- 1.3 Compressible subsonic and supersonic flows -- 1.4 Turbulent flows and compressible turbulence -- Chapter 2. The dynamics of compressible flows -- 2.1 Mass conservation -- 2.2 Momentum conservation -- 2.3 Energy conservation -- 2.4 Solenoidal velocity fields and density changes -- 2.5 Two-dimensional flow and a Reynolds analogy -- Chapter 3. Compressible turbulent flow -- 3.1 Averaged and filtered variables -- 3.2 Density-weighted variables -- 3.3 Transport equations for the mean/resolved field -- 3.4 Fluctuation transport equations -- 3.5 Momentum and thermal flux relationships -- Chapter 4. Measurement and analysis strategies -- 4.1 Experimental constraints for supersonic flows -- 4.2 Measurement methods -- 4.3 Analysis using modal representations -- 4.4 Reynolds- and Favre-averaged correlations -- Chapter 5. Prediction strategies and closure models -- 5.1 Direct numerical simulations -- 5.2 Large eddy simulations and hybrid methods -- 5.3 Closure of the Reynolds-averaged Navier--Stokes equations -- Chapter 6. Compressible shear layers -- 6.1 Free shear flows -- 6.2 Wall-bounded flows -- Chapter 7. Shock and turbulence interactions -- 7.1 Homogeneous turbulence interactions -- 7.2 Inhomogeneous turbulence interaction -- References -- Index.

Note: Title -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- User Identification and Object Recognition in Clutter Scenes Based on RGB-Depth Analysis -- Introduction -- Muti-modal User Identification and Object Recognition -- Environment Modeling -- User Detection and Identification -- Object Recognition -- User-Object Interaction -- Results -- Surveillance System Evaluation -- User Identification Comparative -- Object Recognition Comparative -- Conclusion -- References -- Compression Techniques for 3D Video Mesh Sequences -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Compression Techniques -- Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- Laplacian Deformation -- Layered Articulated Representation -- Description of the Experiments -- PCA-Based Compression -- Deformation-Based Compression -- Statistical Error Measures -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Spatial Measures between Human Poses for Classification and Understanding -- Modelling Human Poses -- Related Work -- The Space of Joint Positions -- Computing Geodesics and Distances -- Approximations and the Geometry of the Kinematic Manifold -- Experiments -- Quality of Geodesic Approximation -- Dimensionality Reduction -- Classification -- Clustering -- Discussion -- References -- Real-Time Pose Estimation Using Constrained Dynamics -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Approach -- Data Aquisition -- Skeletal Model -- Model Fitting -- Results -- Discussion and Future Work -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- An NVC Emotional Model for Conversational Virtual Humans in a 3D Chatting Environment -- Introduction -- Related Works -- Emotional Model -- Types of Emotions -- Facial Expressions: emoFaces -- Emotional Body Movements: emoMotions -- Short Term Emotions (STE) -- Parameterizations and Results -- Conclusion -- References. , An Event-Based Architecture to Manage Virtual Human Non-Verbal Communication in 3D Chatting Environment -- Introduction -- Related Works -- NVC Architecture -- Building a Context -- From Dialog to NVC Motions -- VR Event Manager -- VR Client-Server Tasks -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Improving Gestural Communication in Virtual Characters -- Introduction -- Type of Hand Gestures -- Iconic Gestures -- Metaphoric Gestures -- Deictic Gestures -- Beats -- Related Work -- Architecture -- Cognitive Module -- TextToSpeech (TTS) Module -- Databases -- Animation Engine Module -- Applications That Validate the Architecture -- Natural Behaviour in e-Learning -- Virtual Sign Language Interpreter -- Evaluation and Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Multi-view Body Tracking with a Detector-Driven Hierarchical Particle Filter -- Introduction -- Layered Particle Filters -- DD-HPF in Multiple Views -- Multi-view Body Parts Detection -- Detector-Driven Hierarchical Particle Filter -- Experimental Results -- Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Real-Time Multi-view Human Motion Tracking Using Particle Swarm Optimization with Resampling -- Introduction -- Annealed PSO with Resampling -- Experimental Results -- Conclusions -- References -- A Comparative Study of Surface Representations Used in Statistical Human Models -- Introduction -- Statistical Models of Human Body Shape and Pose -- Comparative Framework -- Surface Representations -- Separate Models of Shape and Pose -- Human Shape and Pose Reconstruction from Silhouette -- Results and Discussion -- Shape-Only Models -- Shape and Pose Models -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Combining Skeletal Pose with Local Motion for Human Activity Recognition -- Introduction -- Dynamic Pose for Human Activity Recognition -- Dynamic Pose -- Codebook-Based Dynamic Pose for Activity Recognition. , Experimental Evaluation -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- A New Marker-Less 3D Kinect-Based System for Facial Anthropometric Measurements -- Introduction -- The Proposed Measurement Method -- Selected Landmarks -- Description of the System and of the Algorithms -- Population and Methodologies -- Study Population -- Data Collection -- Experimental Results and Discussion -- Conclusion and Future Works -- References -- Automatic Detection of Unconscious Reactions to Illuminance Changes in Illumination -- Introduction -- Problems Addressed -- Extraction of Expressive Facial Reactions -- Experimental Method -- Experimental Results and Discussion -- Automatic Recognition of Expressive Reactions -- Recognition Method -- Experimental Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Deformation Measurement of a Human Chest Experiencing Global Motion -- Introduction -- Motion Compensation -- Consistent Volume Measurement -- Results -- Future -- Conclusions -- References -- Automatic Estimation of Movement Statistics of People -- Introduction -- Tracking -- Detection -- Data Association -- Updating the Trackers -- Scene Estimation -- Scene Model -- Scene Model Estimation -- Statistics and Visualization -- Evaluation -- Discussion -- References -- Granular Material Deposition for Simulation and Texturing -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Granule Deposition -- Scattering Granules -- Resolving Penetrations -- Deleting Out-of-Bound Granules -- Settling Granules -- Particle Shaders -- Scattering Shader Particles -- Penetration Resolution -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Fast 3D Structure From Motion with Missing Points from Registration of Partial Reconstructions -- Introduction and Related Work -- Method Overview -- Sub-matrix Selection for Fast Surface Reconstruction -- Matrix Re-organization -- Selection of Sub-matrices. , Texture Pipeline -- Triangulation -- Texture Mapping -- Results -- Experiment Set Up -- Results of Reconstruction and Time Computation -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Evaluation of the Reproducibility of Non-verbal Facial Animations -- Introduction -- Video Stereo Photogrammetry System -- Recording Facial Animations -- Reproducibility Study of the Facial Animations -- Head Movement Elimination -- Spatial Motion Alignment -- Temporal Motion Curve Alignment -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Continuous Level of Detail for Large Scale Rendering of 3D Animated Polygonal Models -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Level of Detail -- Animated Characters -- Our Method -- Sliding-Tris -- Pre-processing Step -- Rendering -- Results -- Memory Cost -- Performance -- Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- A New Image Dataset on Human Interactions -- Introduction -- Rules for Collecting Images -- Dataset -- Future Work -- References -- Experimental Results on Fingerprint Liveness Detection -- Introduction -- Investigated Algorithms -- Experimental Results -- The LivDet 2011 Data Sets -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Modeling Deformable Filament Bundles by Means of Mass-Spring Systems for the Design of Carbon Reinforced Materials -- Introduction -- Mass-Spring-Systems for the Simulation of the Tows -- Simulation of Three-Point Flexural Test for a Carbon Tow Specimen -- Dynamic Evolution of the Simulation and Damping -- Collision Detection and Solving -- Results of the Experiments -- Conclusions -- References -- An Avatar Acceptance Study for Home Automation Scenarios -- Introduction -- Interactive System Design -- Experimental Test -- Test 1 -- Test 2 -- Conclusions -- References -- A Tennis Training Application Using 3D Gesture Recognition -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Gesture Recognition. , Gesture Description -- Gestures Comparison -- System Description -- System Architecture -- Experiments and Results -- Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Real-Time 4D Reconstruction of Human Motion -- Introduction -- 4D Reconstruction Studio at SZTAKI -- Geometry Processing -- Appearance Processing -- Performance of the GPU Implementation -- Conclusion -- References -- Human Context: Modeling Human-Human Interactions for Monocular 3D Pose Estimation -- Introduction and Related Work -- Method -- Person Detections and Grouping -- 2D Pose Estimation -- 3D Pose Estimation -- Experiments -- Conclusions -- References -- Motion Capture for Clinical Purposes, an Approach Using PrimeSense Sensors -- Introduction -- Experimental Design -- Motion Capture -- First Approach -- Problems with This Approach -- Second Approach -- PrimeSense Technology -- Camshift -- Conclusion -- References -- Human Behavior Analysis from Depth Maps -- Introduction -- Pose Recovery Using Depth Maps -- Conclusion -- References -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author biography -- Thomas B Greenslade Jr -- Chapter 1 Preliminaries -- 1.1 Some mathematics -- 1.2 How Lissajous figures are formed -- Chapter 2 History -- 2.1 Nathaniel Bowditch and the Y-shaped pendulum -- 2.1.1 James Dean -- 2.1.2 Hugh Blackburn -- 2.2 Jules Lissajous and his tuning forks -- 2.2.1 Beats -- 2.3 Hubert Airy's harmonographs -- Chapter 3 Harmonographs of all sorts -- 3.1 Oscillating mirrors -- 3.2 The kaleidophone -- 3.3 Oscillating blades -- 3.4 Pendulum harmonographs -- 3.5 The Y-shaped pendulum -- 3.6 The two-speaker apparatus -- 3.7 Other harmonographs of unusual design -- 3.8 The oscilloscope -- 3.9 The animated harmonograph -- 3.10 Harmonograph 'toys' -- Chapter 4 Lovely Lissajous figures -- Blank Page.

Note: Front Cover -- Econometrics and Risk Management -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Fast Solution of the Gaussian Copula Model -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Synthetic CDO Structure -- 3. Valuation Assumptions -- 4. The Model -- 5. Pricing -- 6. A Decomposition -- 7. Intrinsic Simplicity of the Intrinsic Value -- 8. Time Stability of the Time Value -- 9. The Time Value Computation -- References -- Chapter 2. An Empirical Study of Pricing and Hedging Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) -- 1. Introduction to Collateralized Debt Obligation -- 2. Methodology of Pricing CDO -- 3. Methodology of Calculating Default Delta Sensitivity -- 4. Empirical Results -- 5. Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Chapter 3. The Skewed t Distribution for Portfolio Credit Risk -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Skewed t Distributions and the EM Algorithm -- 3. Copulas -- 4. Measures of Dependence -- 5. Single Name Credit Risk -- 6. Portfolio Credit Risk -- 7. Pricing of Basket Credit Default Swaps: Elliptical Copulas Versus the Skewed t Distribution -- 8. Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4. Credit Risk Dependence Modeling with Dynamic Copula: An Application to CDO Tranches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dynamic Archimedean Copula Processes -- 3. Specific Dynamic Archimedean Copula Process -- 4. Pricing of a Correlation Product: CDO -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Perturbed Gaussian Copula -- 1. Asymptotics -- 2. Density of the Perturbed Copula -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix. Explicit Formulas -- Chapter 6. The Determinants of Default Correlations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Brief Digression on Measures of Dependence -- 3. Default Risk and Correlations -- 4. Data and Methodology -- 5. Empirical Evidence -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Appendix A. Structural Models -- Appendix B. Factor Analysis -- Chapter 7. Data Mining Procedures in Generalized Cox Regressions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Part I: Generalized Cox Regression with Time-Independent Covariates -- 3. Part II: Generalized Cox Regression with Time-Dependent and Hidden Covariates -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix A. Counting and Intensity Processes -- Appendix B. Gamma and Variance Gamma Processes -- Chapter 8. Jump Diffusion in Credit Barrier Modeling: A Partial Integro-Differential Equation Approach -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modeling Credit Index with Lévy Processes -- 3. Credit Rating Migration Model -- 4. Calibration to Historical Rating Transition Matrices -- 5. Change to the Risk-Neutral Measure -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9. Bond Markets with Stochastic Volatility -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pricing Bonds -- 3. Affine Models -- 4. The Vasicek Model with Stochastic Volatility -- 5. The Bond Price with Stochastic Volatility -- 6. Group Parameter Reduction -- 7. Calibration of the Model -- 8. Connection to Default Able Bonds -- References -- Chapter 10. Two-Dimensional Markovian Model for Dynamics of Aggregate Credit Loss -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Model -- 3. Calibration -- 4. Dynamic Applications -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix A. Single Tranche CDO -- Appendix B. Local Volatility and Local Intensity -- Appendix C. Discretization of Intensity -- Chapter 11. Credit Derivatives and Risk Aversion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indifference Valuation for Defaultable Bonds -- 3. The Yield Spread -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.