Note: Intro -- Environmental Impacts of Modern Agriculture -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Modern Agriculture and Implications for Land Use and Management -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- 2 Agricultural Systems -- 3 Global and Regional Issues -- 3.1 Demand Side Factors -- 3.2 Supply Side Factors -- 4 Agricultural Land and the Role of Science and Technology -- 5 Case Study: UK Agriculture and Land Use -- 5.1 Trends in UK Agriculture -- 5.1.1 Agriculture's Contribution to UK Economy -- 5.1.2 Agricultural Land Use -- 5.1.3 Farm Size -- 5.1.4 Farm Yields -- 5.1.5 Agricultural Commodity Prices -- 5.1.6 UK Farm Incomes -- 5.1.7 Productivity of UK Farms -- 5.1.8 Demand for Food in the UK -- 5.1.9 Food Self-sufficiency and Food Security -- 6 Agriculture and Environment -- 7 Agriculture and Ecosystem Services -- 8 Agriculture and Climate Change -- 9 Agriculture and Energy -- 10 Future Prospects for Land Use in the UK -- 10.1 Scope to Release Land from Agricultural Production -- et al., 2005). -- 10.2 Technology Change and Land Use -- 11 Implications for Policy -- References -- Impacts of Agriculture upon Soil Quality -- 1 Introduction to Soil Quality -- 2 Soil Organic Matter Decline -- 3 Soil Compaction -- 4 Soil Erosion -- 5 Soil Biodiversity -- 6 Soil Contamination -- 6.1 Nutrients -- 6.2 Heavy Metals -- 6.3 Organic Pollutants -- 7 Soil Sealing -- 8 Soil Salinisation -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Impacts of Agriculture upon Greenhouse Gas Budgets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Agricultural Sources of Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Nitrous Oxide -- 2.2 Methane -- 2.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 3 International Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 3.1 Indirect Emissions - Is there a Gap between Top-down and Bottom-up Global Budgets? -- 4 Future Mitigation Strategies -- 4.1 Nitrous Oxide. , 4.1.1 Optimising Nitrogen Use by Crop Plants -- 4.1.2 Optimising Nitrogen Use by Livestock -- 4.1.3 Inhibitors -- 4.1.4 Soil Management and Tillage -- 4.1.5 Land Use Change -- 4.2 Methane -- 4.2.1 Methane from Ruminant Livestock -- 4.2.2 Dietary Opportunities -- 4.2.3 Avoiding Inefficiencies -- 4.2.4 Livestock Reduction or Replacements -- 4.2.5 Methane from Wetland Rice -- 4.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 4.4 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential: Combined Effects of all Gases -- 4.5 The Economics of Mitigation -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Impacts of Agriculture on Water-borne Pathogens -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Policy Developments -- 3 Microbial Dynamics -- 3.1 Pathogens, Indicators and Health Risk -- 3.2 Catchment Microbial Flux -- 3.3 Flux Attenuation and Mitigation of Resource Impacts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Pesticides in Modern Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Traditional Context of the Agricultural Uses of Pesticides -- 3 The Changing Nature of Pesticide Use from Earliest Agricultural Times to the Present Day -- 4 Risks to Human Health from Pesticide Use in Agriculture -- 5 Pesticide Use in Current Agricultural Systems - A Changing and Challenging Context -- 6 Future Pesticide Use and Approaches to their Regulation and Management -- References -- Balancing the Environmental Consequences of Agriculture with the Need for Food Security -- 1 Preamble -- 1.1 The Need for Food Security -- 1.2 The Importance of Environmental Sustainability and a Role for the UK -- 2 Agriculture's Environmental Impact and a Summary of the Issues -- 2.1 Some Terminology -- 2.2 Man-managed and Natural Ecosystems - Competition for Photosynthate -- 2.3 The Application of Science - Manipulating Genotype and Environment -- 2.4 Impacts from Fossil-fuel Use -- 2.5 Reactive Nitrogen -- 2.6 Water - Excess and Shortage -- 2.7 Contaminants and Pollutants. , 2.8 Avoiding Negative Environmental Consequences of Agricultural Practice - A Summary -- 3 Sustainable Intensi cation -- 3.1 Global Land Use -- 3.2 Anthromes and Anthropogenic Ecosystem Processes -- 3.3 Examples of Sustainable Intensi cation -- 3.4 Management of Biodiversity: Land Sharing or Land Sparing? -- 4 Land Use, Resource Management and Deliverables from Land -- 4.1 Understanding Interactions and Trade-offs -- 4.2 Units of Accounting -- 4.3 Some Examples of Trade-offs -- 5 A Systems-based Approach to GHG Balance -- 5.1 Agriculture as Part of the Problem and Part of the Solution -- 5.2 Fossil Fuel Substitution, Carbon Capture and Storage, Food Imports and the Cost of Valued Landscapes -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Positive and Negative Impacts of Agricultural Production of Liquid Biofuels -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Production as Part of Biofuel Life Cycles and Life Cycle Assessment -- 3 Energy -- 3.1 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 3.2 Replacement of Fossil Fuels -- 3.3 Energetic Return on Investment (EROI) -- 4 Water Footprints of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 5 Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Carbon Debt of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 6 Life Cycle Emissions of Pollutants Linked to Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 7 Impact of Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels on Natural Ecosystems and Biodiversity -- 8 Effect of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels on Food Prices and Hunger -- 9 Liquid Biofuels from Crop Residues -- 10 Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- 1 Methane Sources and the Global Methane Budget -- 2 The Microbiology of Methanogenesis -- 3 Wetlands -- 4 Geological Methane -- 5 Termites -- 6 Vegetation -- 7 Biomass Burning -- 8 Rice Cultivation -- 9 Ruminants -- 10 Wastewater and Manure -- 11 Landfills -- 12 Fossil Energy and Ventilation Air Methane -- 13 Options for Methane Control -- 14 Summary -- Contributors -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS -- CONTENTS -- PLENARY PAPERS -- Why evaluate soil organic matter models? -- The Contribution of the Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET) to GCTE -- Why Site Networks? -- The North American Site Network -- The Australian Site Network -- Long-term data sets from Germany and Eastern Europe -- Establishing a European GCTE Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET) -- Interpretation Difficulties with Long-Term Experiments -- Review and Classification of Ten Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Models -- Ecosystem model comparisons: science or fantasy world? -- Matching Measurable Soil Organic Matter Fractions with Conceptual Pools in Simulation Models of Carbon Turnover: Revision of Model Structure -- ¹Modeling the Measurable or Measuring the Modelable: A Hierarchical Approach to Isolating Meaningful Soil Organic Matter Fractionations -- Quantitative methods to evaluate and compare Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Models -- Soil Organic Matter Models and Global Estimates of Soil Organic Carbon -- SOIL ORGANIC MATTER MODELS -- The Soil Submodel of the ITE (Edinburgh) Forest and Hurley Pasture Models -- SOMM - a model of soil organic matter and nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems -- RothC-26.3 - A Model for the turnover of carbon in soil -- Modelling approaches of soil organic matter turnover within the CANDY system -- Organic matter dynamics simulated with the 'Verberne'-model -- The DNDC Model -- Description of the model NCSOIL -- Simulating soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics with the soil-plant-atmosphere system model DAISY -- The CENTURY model -- LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS WITH SOIL ORGANIC MATTER MEASUREMENTS -- Soil organic matter dynamics in Sanborn Field (North America) -- The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers. , The Tamworth Legume/Cereal Rotation -- Long-term fertilization trials in Hungary -- Essai permanent plots, Gembloux -- The Waite Pennanent Rotation Trial -- Woodslee Tile Runoff Experiment: Fertilization Effects on Soil Organic Matter -- Effect of Farm Yard Manure and Fertilizer Nitrogen in Pearl millet-Wheat cropping Sequence -- The Breton Classical Plots -- Long-term field experiment Praha - Ruzyně, Czech Republic -- The Static Experiment Bad Lauchstädt, Germany -- The Park Grass Experiment, 1856-1995 -- Geescroft Wilderness, 1883-1995 -- ¹Long-term Residue Management Experiment: Pendleton, Oregon USA -- Carbon Changes During the Growth of Loblolly Pine on Formerly Cultivated Soil: The Calhoun Experimental Forest, U.S.A. -- Soil Organic Matter Dynamics in the North American Corn Belt: The Arlington Plots -- Soil Evolution Under Dry Meadows in a Boreal climate: The Moscow Dry Meadow Experimental Site -- INDEX.