Note: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 40 -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Summary -- I. The Scene: Amplified Climatic Changes in the Arctic -- II. The Background: The Need for Long-Term Monitoring and Research in High-Arctic Greenland and the Choice of Zackenberg -- III. The Concept: The Development and Running of ZERO -- IV. The Book: Idea and Organisation -- References -- Chapter 2: Arctic Climate and Climate Change with a Focus on Greenland -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. The Arctic as Part of the Global Climate System -- A. Dynamical Links Between the Arctic and Lower Latitudes -- III. Description of Models and Scenarios -- IV. Arctic Climate Variability and Change -- A. Present-Day Climate -- B. Future Climate Evolution -- V. Greenland as a Key Region for Present and Future Climate -- A. Present-Day Climate -- B. Future Climate Evolution -- C. Local Climate Change in the Zackenberg Area -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Late Quaternary Environmental and Cultural Changes in the Wollaston Forland Region, Northeast Greenland -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. The Glacial History -- III. Sea-Level Changes -- IV. Holocene Environmental Changes -- A. Lake Sediment Evidence -- B. Periglacial Evidence -- C. Pedological Evidence -- D. Comparisons with Other Climate Records -- V. Immigration History of Plants and Animals -- VI. Archaeology -- A. Independence I -- B. Saqqaq -- C. Greenlandic Dorset -- D. Thule -- E. Landscape Use and Settlement Patterns -- VII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Change Influences on Species Interrelationships and Distributions in High-Arctic Greenland -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Plant Dispersal and Influences on Species Richness and Genetic Diversity. , A. Sexual Reproduction and Dispersal -- B. Sources of Origin for Northeast Greenland Flora -- C. Dispersal by Physical Processes -- D. Animals as Seed Dispersers -- E. Problems of Predictability -- F. Long-Distance versus Short-Distance Dispersal -- G. Seed Dispersal and Community Population Structure -- H. Propagule Dispersal via Vertebrate Guts and Influences on Species Richness and Genetic Diversity at the Community Level -- III. Pollination and Invading Species -- A. Pollinator-Plant Relationships at Zackenberg -- B. Climate Change Influences on Pollination and Invading Species -- C. Changing Plant Community Structure and Invasion of New Species -- IV. Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: The Study Area at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Zackenberg in the High Arctic -- II. The Study Area -- III. The Management of Monitoring and Research within the Study Area -- IV. The Research Station -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6: Present-Day Climate at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. The Study Area and the Meteorological Stations -- III. Solar Radiation, Cloud Cover and Radiation Balance -- IV. Atmospheric Pressure -- V. Wind Direction and Speed -- VI. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Precipitation -- VII. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Air Temperature -- VIII. NAO Relations -- IX. Climate-Sea Ice Relations -- X. Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Permafrost and Periglacial Geomorphology at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Permafrost -- A. Permafrost and Active Layer Modelling -- B. Thermal State of the Top Permafrost -- III. Active Layer Thickness-ZEROCALM -- IV. Periglacial Landforms and Processes -- A. Nivation -- B. Rock Glaciers -- C. Ice-Wedges -- D. Solifluction -- E. Active Layer Sliding. , F. Slope Erosion in the River Zackenbergelven and its Delta -- G. Coastal Activity -- V. Zackenberg as an Important Future Greenlandic Permafrost Observatory -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Snow and Snow-Cover in Central Northeast Greenland -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Snow at Zackenberg -- A. Monitoring Snow-Cover -- B. Winter: Snow Accumulation and Distribution -- C. Summer: Snowmelt/Snow-Cover Depletion -- D. Larger Scale Relations and Future Climate Change Perspectives -- III. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Hydrology and Transport of Sediment and Solutes at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Drainage Basin -- III. Elements of the Water Balance -- A. Precipitation and Snowmelt -- B. Evapotranspiration -- C. Storage -- D. Run-Off -- IV. Water Balance and Model Calculations -- V. Transport of Sediment and Solutes -- A. Sediment Transport and Dissolved Load -- B. Water Chemistry -- VI. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Soil and Plant Community-Characteristics and Dynamics at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Site Characteristics -- A. Topography and Landscape Dynamics -- B. Plant Communities -- C. Soils -- III. Soil-Plant Interactions and Temporal Trends -- A. Biomass Element Stocks, Seasonal Trends and Litter Production -- B. Soil Ecosystem Effects of Soil Manipulations -- IV. Conclusions and Future Consequences of Climate Changes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Inter-Annual Variability and Controls of Plant Phenology and Productivity at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Study Sites and Methods -- III. Growth Dynamics and Land Surface Phenology of Six Major Vegetation Types in Zackenbergdalen -- IV. Species-Specific Reproductive Dynamics -- A. Monitoring Studies -- B. Experimental Manipulations. , V. Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: High-Arctic Plant-Herbivore Interactions under Climate Influence -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Climatic Pathways in the Plant-Herbivore System -- III. Plant-Herbivore Interactions at Zackenberg -- A. Willow-Musk Ox Interactions -- B. Plant-Lemming Interactions -- C. Insect Herbivory -- IV. The Role of Secondary Plant Metabolites -- V. Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13: Phenology of High-Arctic Arthropods: Effects of Climate on Spatial, Seasonal, and Inter-Annual Variation -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. The Arthropod Fauna at Zackenberg -- III. Environmental Drivers of Arthropod Phenology at Zackenberg -- IV. Spatial Synchrony in Capture Numbers -- V. Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14: Effects of Food Availability, Snow and Predation on Breeding Performance of Waders at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. The Critical Pre-Nesting Period and Initiation of Egg-Laying -- III. The Laying Period -- IV. Population Densities and Habitat Selection -- V. Population Trends -- VI. Breeding Success -- A. The Red Knot as an Example of Varying Breeding Success -- VII. Breeding Conditions in High-Arctic Greenland in a Circumpolar Perspective and in the Future -- VIII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15: Vertebrate Predator-Prey Interactions in a Seasonal Environment -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. The Collared Lemming and Its Predators in Zackenbergdalen -- III. Patterns of Predation on Collared Lemmings -- IV. Indirect Effects of Collared Lemming Fluctuations -- V. Predator-Prey Interactions in a Changing Climate -- VI. Collared Lemming Population Synchrony -- VII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 16: Lake Flora and Fauna in Relation to Ice-Melt, Water Temperature and Chemistry at Zackenberg -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Rationale and Methods -- III. General Characteristics of the Lakes -- IV. Biological Structure and Food Web Interactions -- V. Significant Annual Variations in Physico-Chemical Conditions -- VI. Water Temperature Affects Growth and Abundances of Pelagic Organisms -- VII. An Ancient Invertebrate Seems to Play a Role in the Food Web -- VIII. Biological Remains in the Sediment-What Can They Tell? -- IX. Consequences of Climate Changes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17: Population Dynamical Responses to Climate Change -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Concepts of Population Dynamics -- III. The Dynamics of Contrasting Species at Zackenberg -- A. Predators -- B. Herbivores -- C. Waders -- IV. Effects of Climate and Inter-Trophic Interactions -- A. Direct Climatic Effects -- B. Inter-Trophic Interactions -- V. Intra-Annual Population Dynamics in Response to Climate -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18: Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation at Zackenberg: The Impact on Higher Plants and Soil Microbial Communities -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Vegetation and Plant Eco-Physiological Responses at Zackenberg -- III. Comparisons of Plant Responses Throughout the Polar Region -- IV. Below-Ground Responses -- V. Methodological Considerations of the Experimental Approaches -- VI. Conclusions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19: High-Arctic Soil CO2 and CH4 Production Controlled by Temperature, Water, Freezing and Snow -- Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Environmental Controls on Gas Production -- A. Gas Production and Dynamics in Well-Drained Soils -- B. Gas Production and Dynamics in Poorly Drained Soils. , C. Soil Respiration Rates at Manipulated Field Sites.