Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Section I: Mineral Resources -- Chapter 1 -- An Overview of the Mineral Resources of India -- Abstract -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Mineral Wealth of India -- 1.3. Mineral Resources in India -- 1.3.1. Fuel Minerals -- 1.3.1.1. Coal and Lignite -- 1.3.1.2. Petroleum and Natural Gas -- 1.3.2. Metallic Minerals -- 1.3.2.1. Iron -- 1.3.2.2. Manganese -- 1.3.2.3. Chromite -- 1.3.2.4. Bauxite -- 1.3.2.5. Copper -- 1.3.2.6. Gold -- 1.3.2.7. Lead-Zinc -- 1.3.2.8. Silver -- 1.3.2.9. Tin -- 1.3.3. Nonmetallic Minerals -- 1.3.3.1. Asbestos -- 1.3.3.2. Diamond -- 1.3.3.3. Fluorite (CaF2) -- 1.3.3.4. Garnet -- 1.3.3.5. Graphite -- 1.3.3.6. Ilmenite -- 1.3.3.7. Iolite -- 1.3.3.8. Kyanite and Sillimanite -- 1.3.3.9. Magnesite -- 1.3.3.10. Marl -- 1.3.3.11. Perlite -- 1.3.3.12. Potash -- 1.3.3.13. Phosphate Minerals (Apatite and Phosphorite) -- 1.3.3.14. Salt -- 1.3.3.15. Selenite -- 1.3.3.16. Sulphur -- 1.3.3.17. Tungsten -- 1.3.3.18. Vermiculite -- 1.3.3.19. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) -- 1.3.4. Minor Minerals -- 1.3.4.1. Barytes -- 1.3.4.2. Chalk -- 1.3.4.3. Calcite (CaCO3) -- 1.3.4.4. Corundum -- 1.3.4.5. Dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3) -- 1.3.4.6. Diaspore (AlO(OH)) -- 1.3.4.7. Dunite and Pyroxenite -- 1.3.4.8. Feldspar -- 1.3.4.9. Fireclay -- 1.3.4.10. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) -- 1.3.4.11. Clay Minerals -- 1.3.4.12. Kaolin, Ball Clay, Other Clays and Shale -- 1.3.4.13. Mica -- 1.3.4.14. Laterite -- 1.3.4.15. Limestone -- 1.3.4.16. Ochre -- 1.3.4.17. Pyrophyllite (Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O) -- 1.3.4.18. Quartz and Other Silica Minerals (SiO2) -- 1.3.4.19. Slate -- 1.3.4.20. Talc, Soapstone and Steatite (3MgO.4SiO2.H2O) -- 1.4. Contribution of Mineral Resources to Indian Economy -- Summary -- Chapter 2 -- Rare Earths-Bearing and Other Strategic Minerals -- Abstract -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Rare Earths-Bearing and Other Strategic Minerals in India. , 2.2.1. Rare Earths (REs) -- 2.2.2. Antimony -- 2.2.3. Beryllium -- 2.2.4. Bismuth -- 2.2.5. Cadmium -- 2.2.6. Cobalt -- 2.2.7. Gallium and Indium -- 2.2.8. Germanium -- 2.2.9. Lithium -- 2.2.10. Mercury -- 2.2.11. Mica -- 2.2.12. Molybdenum -- 2.2.13. Nickel -- 2.2.14. Niobium -- 2.2.15. Rubidium and Cesium -- 2.2.16. Selenium -- 2.2.17. Tantalum -- 2.2.18. Tin -- 2.2.19. Titanium -- 2.2.20. Tungsten -- 2.2.21. Zirconium -- 2.3. Utility in Diverse Perspective -- 2.4. Geological and Geopolitical Constraints on Supply -- 2.4.1. Import Dependency -- 2.4.2. Geopolitical Leverage and Price Hike -- 2.5. Global Trade and Future Approach -- 2.5.1. Resource-Based Economy and Rising Conflicts -- 2.5.2. Rare-Earth Dilemma and Challenges -- 2.5.3. Strategic Initiative -- Summary -- Chapter 3 -- Surplus, Sufficient and Deficit Minerals -- Abstract -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Factors Governing Mineral Availability -- 3.2.1. Geologic Availability: Does Geological Settings Favor Mineral Existence? -- 3.2.2. Engineering/Technical Availability: Do We Have Technology to Extract and Process It? -- 3.2.3. Environmental and Social Availability: Can We Produce It Sustainably and Socially Acceptable Ways? -- 3.2.4. Political Availability: How Do Government Policies and Decisions Affect Availability at Global and National Level? -- 3.2.5. Economic Availability: Are We Able to Produce at a Cost That the User Can Afford? -- 3.3. Mineral Resources of India -- 3.4. Surplus-Deficient Relationship of Mineral Resources -- 3.5. Scarcity, Pricing Mechanism and Non-Judicious Use of Mineral Resources -- 3.5.1. Scarcity and Resource Rent -- 3.5.2. Mineral Abundance and Resource Curse -- 3.5.3. Mineral Booms and Depletion -- 3.6. Sustainable Development and Availability of Mineral Resources -- 3.7. Demand, Supply and Self Sufficiency -- Summary. , Section II: Legal Framework with Respect to Mining Sector -- Chapter 4 -- Acts and Legislations -- Abstract -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Mining Laws in the Light of Constitutional Framework -- 4.2.1. Constitutional Basis -- 4.2.2. Regulatory Authority -- 4.3. Regulation Strategies -- 4.4. Mining Laws in India -- 4.4.1. Basic Laws Governing Mining in India -- 4.4.1.1. The Mines Act -- 4.4.1.2. The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Act -- 4.4.1.2.1. Coordination-Cum-Empowered Committee (CEC) and National Repositories -- 4.4.1.2.2. District Mineral Foundation (DMF) -- 4.4.1.2.3. The National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) -- 4.4.1.2.4. Royalties in Respect of Mining Leases -- 4.4.1.2.5. Dead Rent to Be Paid by the Lessee -- 4.4.2. Environment-Related Legislations in Mining -- 4.4.3. Health and Safety Related Legislation -- 4.4.4. Labor-Related Legislations -- 4.4.5. Other Acts -- 4.5. Government Bodies Administering Mining Industry -- 4.5.1. Ministry of Mines -- 4.5.2. Indian Bureau of Mines -- 4.6. Major Players in Indian Mining Sector -- 4.7. Impact of Reforms on the indian Economy -- Summary -- Chapter 5 -- India's Five Year Plans vis-à-vis Mining Sector -- Abstract -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Five Year Plan (FYP) and Mineral Economy -- 5.3. An Overview of the Five Year Plans in Relation to the Mining Sector -- 5.3.1. First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) -- 5.3.2. Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) -- 5.3.3. Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966) -- 5.3.4. A Plan Holiday! (1966-1969) -- 5.3.5. Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974) -- 5.3.6. Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) -- 5.3.7. Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) -- 5.3.8. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) -- 5.3.9. Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) -- 5.3.10. Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) -- 5.3.11. Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) -- 5.3.12. Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012). , 5.3.13. Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) -- 5.4. Achievements and Failures of the Five Year Plans -- 5.5. Contribution of the Mining Sector in the GDP during Plan Periods -- 5.6. Significance of FYP in the Mining Industry -- 5.7. The Road Ahead -- Summary -- Chapter 6 -- National Mineral Policy -- Abstract -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. An Outline of the Policy -- 6.3. Regulatory Mechanism -- 6.4. Background of National Mineral Policy (NMP) in India -- 6.5. Advancement in NMP -- 6.5.1. National Mineral Policy 1993 -- 6.5.2. National Mineral Policy 2008 -- 6.5.3. National Mineral Policy 2019 -- 6.6. Other Mining Related Policies -- 6.6.1. National Mineral Exploration Policy (NMEP) -- 6.6.2. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) -- 6.7. Policy Shift and Its Causes/Major Policy Reforms -- 6.8. Global Scenario vis-à-vis Policy Reforms -- 6.9. Global Mineral Policy -- 6.10. Anwarul Hoda Committee Report -- 6.11. Analysis of the Indian Mining Sector -- 6.11.1. FDI in the Mining Industry -- 6.11.2. Index of Mineral Production -- 6.11.3. Global Mining Attractiveness Index -- 6.11.4. Taxation and Royalty -- 6.11.5. Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) -- 6.12. Policy Intervention and Implementation -- 6.13. Cluster Development Approach -- Summary -- Chapter 7 -- Resource Securitization, Resource Nationalism and Resource Curse -- Abstract -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Resource Securitization -- 7.3. Resource Nationalism -- 7.4. Resource Curse -- 7.5. Fallouts of Resource Curse -- 7.5.1. Mineral Trade Practices -- 7.5.2. Competitiveness -- 7.5.3. Price Fluctuations -- 7.6. Future Perspective -- Summary -- Section III: Socio-Economic Perspective -- Chapter 8 -- Employment in Mining Sector -- Abstract -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Employment Generation in the Mining Sector -- 8.3. Net Employment Trend in the Mining Industry. , 8.4. Worldwide Comparison of Mining Employment -- 8.5. Risk of Mining Employment -- 8.6. Challenges for Employment Generation -- 8.6.1. Unskilled Labor/Demand for Skilled Workers -- 8.6.2. Employment of Children in Mines -- 8.6.3. Mining: Occupational Health and Safety -- 8.7. Mining Laws and Employment -- 8.8. Path Ahead and New Challenges -- 8.8.1. Skill Development for the Mining Industry: The Biggest Challenge -- 8.8.2. Future Employment Generation -- 8.9. Further Steps -- Summary -- Chapter 9 -- Environmental Issues in Mining Sector -- Abstract -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Mining Sector - Deprived Environment Performance -- 9.3. Environmental Laws and Regulations for Mining -- 9.4. Implementation of Environmental Laws -- 9.5. Environmental Management and Impact Assessment -- 9.6. Appropriate Measures for Environmental Protection -- 9.7. Sustainable Development -- Summary -- Chapter 10 -- Illegal Mining -- Abstract -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Concept of Illegal Mining -- 10.3. Networks of Illegality -- 10.4. The Catalysts behind Illegal Mining -- 10.5. Illegal Mining in the Indian States -- 10.6. Worldwide Cases of Illegal Mining -- 10.7. Impacts of Illegal Mining -- 10.7.1. Health and Environmental Impacts -- 10.7.2. Negative Economic and Financial Impacts -- 10.7.3. Corruption and Criminal Activities -- 10.7.4. Other Vulnerabilities -- 10.8. Steps Forward -- 10.9. Strategies for Prevention of Illegal Mining -- 10.9.1. Regulatory Instruments -- 10.9.1.1. MMDR Act, 1957 -- 10.9.1.2. MCDR Rules, 1988 -- 10.9.2. Initiatives to Control Illegal Mining by Central and State Governments -- 10.9.3. Changes Observed -- Summary -- Chapter 11 -- Mineral Waste -- Abstract -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. What Are Mining Wastes? -- 11.3. Wastes Generated at Different Stages of Mining -- 11.4. Classification of Mine Wastes and Its Types. , 11.5. Waste Generation from Mines: Indian and Global Scenario.