Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Symbols -- 1 History and Definition -- 1.1…Micrometeorological Measurements -- 1.2…Towards the Footprint Definition -- 1.3…Footprint Modeling -- 1.4…Validation of Footprint Models -- References -- 2 Surface-Layer Properties and Parameterizations -- 2.1…Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Scales -- 2.2…Turbulence Parameterization -- 2.2.1 Flux-Gradient Similarity -- 2.2.2 Profile Functions Above the Canopy -- 2.2.3 Profile Functions in the Canopy -- 2.2.4 Roughness Sublayer -- 2.2.5 Power Laws -- 2.2.6 Dispersion Profiles -- 2.2.7 Relevance of Profile Parameterizations in Footprint Models -- 2.3…Internal Boundary Layers -- 2.3.1 Mechanical Internal Boundary Layer -- 2.3.2 Thermal Internal Boundary Layer -- 2.3.3 Blending Height Concept -- 2.4…Modeling Concepts -- 2.4.1 Diffusion Model -- 2.4.2 Lagrangian Model -- 2.4.3 Higher-Order Closure Model -- 2.4.4 Large-Eddy Simulation Model -- 2.5…Averaging Surface Characteristics -- 2.5.1 Averaging Using Effective Parameters -- 2.5.2 Flux-Averaging Models in Inhomogeneous Terrain -- References -- 3 Classification of Footprint Models -- 3.1…Analytical Footprint Models -- 3.1.1 The Schuepp et al. (1990) Approach -- 3.1.2 The Schmid and Oke (1990) approach -- 3.1.3 The Family of Horst and Weil's (1992) Analytical Solution -- 3.1.3.1 The Horst and Weil (1992, 1994) Approach -- 3.1.3.2 The Schmid (1994, 1997) Approaches -- 3.1.3.3 The Kaharabata et al. (1997) Approach -- 3.1.3.4 The Haenel and Grünhage (1999) approach -- 3.1.3.5 The Kormann and Meixner (2001) Approach -- 3.1.4 Analytical Solutions Based on Lagrangian Models -- 3.2…Lagrangian Simulations -- 3.2.1 The Leclerc and Thurtell (1990) Approach -- 3.2.2 The Sabelfeld-Rannik Approach -- 3.2.3 The Kljun et al. (2002) 3D Backward Lagrangian Footprint Model -- 3.3…Higher-Order Closure Footprint Models. , 3.4…Large-Eddy Simulation Models -- 3.5…Hybrid Footprint Models -- 3.5.1 LES-Driven Lagrangian Stochastic Models -- 3.5.1.1 The Prabha et al. (2008) Approach -- 3.5.1.2 The Cai and Leclerc (2007) and Cai et al. (2008) Approach -- 3.5.2 LES-Embedded Lagrangian Stochastic Models: The Steinfeld et al. (2008) Approach -- 3.5.3 Higher-Order Closure-Driven Lagrangian Simulation -- 3.5.3.1 The Luhar and Rao (1994) Approach -- 3.5.3.2 The Hsieh and Katul (2009) Approach -- 3.5.3.3 E- omega Model Closure-Driven Lagrangrian Simulation -- References -- 4 Footprint Studies -- 4.1…Footprint in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 4.1.1 Tall Tower Footprints -- 4.1.2 The Influence of Coriolis Forces on Footprint -- 4.1.3 Flux Footprints in the Convective Boundary Layer -- 4.1.4 Footprint in the Roughness Sub-Layer of Plant Canopies -- 4.2…In-Canopy Footprints -- 4.3…Flux Footprint in Canopy Over Hills -- 4.4…Influence of Contrasting Adjoining Surfaces on Footprints -- 4.4.1 Role of Contrasting Thermal Land Surfaces on Fluxes and Footprints -- 4.4.2 Role of Clearcuts on Forest Fluxes/Footprints -- 4.4.3 Footprints in the Presence of a Transition from the Forest Leading Edge -- 4.5…Flux Footprints Over Complex Topography in Forests -- 4.6…Emissions of Odor and Reactive Trace Gas Fluxes Using the Flux Footprint Method -- 4.7…Footprints in Urban Areas -- References -- 5 Model Validation -- 5.1…Model Validation Against Other Models -- 5.2…Model Validation and Comparison Against Experimental Data -- 5.3…Model Validation with Natural Tracers -- 5.4…Classification of the Comparison Results -- References -- 6 Land Surface: Coupled Footprints -- 6.1…Grid Schema of Surface Characteristics -- 6.2…Determination of Surface Characteristics -- 6.2.1 Roughness Length -- 6.2.2 Remote-Sensing Data -- 6.3…Coupling Footprint Results with Surface Information -- References. , 7 Application of Footprint Models to Different Measurement Techniques -- 7.1…Profile Technique -- 7.1.1 Profile Technique with Three and More Measuring Levels -- 7.1.2 Profile Technique with Two Measuring Levels -- 7.1.3 Accuracy and Footprint Issues for Profile Technique -- 7.1.3.1 Accuracy of Profile Measurements -- 7.1.3.2 Footprint of Profile Measurements -- 7.2…Eddy--Covariance Technique -- 7.2.1 Basics of the Eddy-Covariance Method -- 7.2.2 1D Eddy-Covariance Method -- 7.2.3 Generalized Eddy-Covariance Method (3D) -- 7.2.4 Quality Control of Eddy-Covariance Data -- 7.3…Scintillometer Technique -- 7.4…Airborne Measurement Technique -- References -- 8 Practical Applications of Footprint Techniques -- 8.1…Selection of Flux Measurement Sites -- 8.2…Interpretation of Flux Data -- 8.2.1 Footprint Climatology -- 8.2.2 Covering the Area of Interest -- 8.2.3 Footprint-Dependent Data Quality Control -- 8.3…Upscaling Point Measurements Using Footprint Models -- 8.4…Additional Practical Application -- 8.4.1 Air Pollution Application and Trace Gas Fluxes -- 8.4.2 Wind-Energy Application -- 8.5…Easily Applicable Footprint Models -- 8.6…Limits of Footprint Application -- References -- 9 Looking Forward to the Next Generation of Footprint Models -- References -- Glossary -- About the Authors -- Index.