Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Investigating the Potential Toxicity of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water Spills to Aquatic Animals in Freshwat... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 FPW Chemical Characterization -- 2.1 Major Ions -- 2.2 Trace Metals -- 2.3 Organic Chemicals -- 2.4 Wellbore Reaction Products -- 3 FPW Chemical Constituent Toxicity -- 3.1 Major Ion Toxicity -- 3.2 Trace Metal Toxicity -- 3.3 Organic Chemicals -- 3.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 3.3.2 Volatiles -- 3.3.3 Synthetics -- 3.4 Whole FPW Toxicity -- 4 FPW Releases and Regulatory Guideline Considerations -- 5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Occurrence of Levonorgestrel in Water Systems and Its Effects on Aquatic Organisms: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Levonorgestrel Detection and Exposure Concentrations in the Aquatic Environment -- 3 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Aquatic Organisms -- 3.1 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Cyanobacteria -- 3.2 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Algae -- 3.3 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Zooplankton -- 3.4 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Molluscs -- 3.5 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Fish -- 3.6 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Amphibians -- 4 Aquatic Risk Assessment for Levonorgestrel -- 4.1 Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC) Selection -- 4.2 Effects Assessment -- 4.3 Estimation of Risk Quotients -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- A Review on the Environmental Exposure to Airborne Manganese, Biomonitoring, and Neurological/Neuropsychological Outcomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods: Literature Search Strategy -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Inhalation of Manganese: Evaluation of Airborne Manganese Levels -- 3.2 Biomarkers of Environmental Exposure to Manganese -- 3.3 Neurological and Neuropsychological Effects Assessed in Environmentally Airborne Manganese-Exposed Population. , 3.3.1 Cognitive Function -- Intelligence and General Cognitive Functioning -- Attention and Cognitive Flexibility -- Executive Functions -- Memory and Fluency -- 3.3.2 Motor Function -- Motor Speed -- Motor Coordination and Postural Balance -- Tremor -- Bradykinesia -- Hand Dexterity -- 3.3.3 Olfactory Function -- 3.3.4 Emotional Function and Mood -- 4 Discussion and Recommendations -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Photodegradation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Antibacterial Activity in Water by Transition Metals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transition Metals -- 3 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) -- 4 Global Production of Drinking Water -- 5 Photocatalysis -- 6 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 7 Treatment of PPCPs in Wastewater by Transition Metal-Modified Magnetite Photocatalysis -- 8 Visible Light-Responsive Nano-based Transition Metal Photocatalysts in Antibacterial Activity -- 9 Comparison Between Photocatalysts, Antibiotics, and PPCPs -- 10 Application of Transition Metals in Photocatalysis -- 11 Future Perspectives and Conclusion -- References -- Effects of Carbamazepine in Bivalves: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Marine Bivalves Exposed to Carbamazepine Under Laboratory Conditions: Toxicological Effects -- 2.1 Mussels -- 2.1.1 CBZ Effects on Physiological Processes -- 2.1.2 CBZ Effects on the Biotransformation and Detoxification Processes -- 2.1.3 CBZ Effects on Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters -- 2.1.4 CBZ Effects on Multiple General Stress Responses -- 2.1.5 CBZ Effects on the Mode of Action-Related Processes and Metabolic Pathways -- 2.2 Clams -- 2.2.1 CBZ Effects on Physiological Processes -- 2.2.2 CBZ Effects on the Biotransformation and Detoxification Processes -- 2.2.3 CBZ Effects on Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters -- 2.2.4 CBZ Effects on the Mode of Action-Related Processes -- 2.3 Oysters. , 3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Chronic Kidney Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 3 The Compositions of PM2.5 -- 4 PM2.5 and CKD: Epidemiological Studies -- 5 PM2.5 and CKD: Progression and Prevention -- 6 PM2.5 and CKD: Mechanisms -- 7 Global Implication of Polices and Measurements -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Correction to: Occurrence of Levonorgestrel in Water Systems and Its Effects on Aquatic Organisms: A Review.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Metalliferous Mining Pollution and Its Impact on Terrestrial and Semi-terrestrial Vertebrates: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geographical and Temporary Distribution and Operational Status -- 3.2 Main Metal Ore -- 3.3 Sentinel Species -- 3.4 Biomarkers -- 3.4.1 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 3.4.2 Biomarkers of Effect -- Biochemical and Hematological Biomarkers -- Genotoxic Parameters -- Health Status at Individual Level -- Population and Community Level Biomarkers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Fluorotelomer Alcohols´ Toxicology Correlates with Oxidative Stress and Metabolism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metabolism of FTOHs -- 2.1 Metabolic Pathways and Toxicokinetics -- 2.2 Metabolising Enzymes -- 3 Toxicity -- 4 Toxicity Induced by Oxidative Stress -- 4.1 Generation of Oxidative Stress and ROS -- 4.2 Oxidative Damage -- 4.2.1 Damage to DNA -- 4.2.2 Damage to Lipids -- 4.3 Alterations in Antioxidant Status -- 4.4 Cell Signalling -- 5 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- Perchlorate Contamination: Sources, Effects, and Technologies for Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origins and Utilisation of Perchlorate -- 2.1 Natural Origin -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Origin -- 3 Environmental and Health Effects -- 3.1 Health Effects on Humans -- 3.2 Effects on Biota -- 4 Technologies for Perchlorate Treatment -- 4.1 Physicochemical Methods -- 4.1.1 Membrane-Based Technologies -- 4.1.2 Ion Exchange -- 4.1.3 Chemical Reduction -- 4.1.4 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4.1.5 Activated Carbon -- 4.2 Biological Treatment of Perchlorate -- 4.2.1 Types of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.2 Habitats of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.3 Environmental Requirements for Bacterial Degradation of Perchlorate. , 4.2.4 Biochemical Metabolism of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.5 Application of Biological Reduction -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Sources of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the Soil: A Review of the Spreading M... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ARGs in the Soil Environment -- 3 Sources of ARGs in the Soil Environment -- 3.1 ARB and ARGs in Soils Due to Manure Application -- 3.2 Different Types of Manure Sources Influence ARGs Occurrence in the Soil -- 3.3 Wastewater as a Source of ARB and ARGs in the Soil -- 3.3.1 Release of ARB and ARGs from WWTP Effluents into the Soil -- 3.3.2 Impacts of Irrigation Using WWTP Effluents on the Abundance of ARB and ARGs in the Soil -- 3.3.3 Persistence of ARGs in WWTP Effluents as a Source of ARB and ARGs Dissemination in the Soil -- 3.3.4 Application of Sewage Sludge to Agricultural Soils -- 3.3.5 Deposition of ARGs from Livestock Excrements into the Soil Environment -- 3.3.6 ARGs in Native Soils -- 4 Dissemination of Associated-ARGs with Anthropogenically Impacted Environments into the Soil -- 4.1 Human Exposure Risk Related to Runoff and Leaching -- 4.2 Human Risk Exposure Pathways Due to Plants Uptake -- 4.3 Human Exposure Pathways Due to Groundwater Contaminated with Antibiotics and Their Related ARB and ARGs -- 5 Sorption of Antibiotics in Soil: ARB and ARGs Dissemination -- 5.1 Transfer of Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Agroecosystem -- 5.2 ARB and ARGs Associated Genes in Livestock Production Farms -- 6 Environmental and Ecological Effects of Soil Antibiotics and Related ARB and ARGs -- 7 Health Effects of Soil Contaminated Antibiotics and Their Related ARB and ARGs -- 7.1 Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Human and Environmental Health -- 7.2 Ecological Health Risk Related to the Antibiotics and the Antibiotic Resistance. , 8 Suggestions and Mitigation Strategies -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- An Overview of Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Sorghum Towards Heavy Metal Stress -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heavy Metal Uptake, Translocation, and Accumulation in Sorghum -- 3 Impact of Heavy Metals on the Morphological Characteristics of Sorghum -- 4 Effect of Heavy Metals on the Physiological Aspects of Sorghum -- 5 Biochemical Changes in Response to Heavy Metals in Sorghum -- 6 Molecular Modulations Under Heavy Metal Stress in Sorghum -- 7 Future Prospects -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Water and Soil Pollution: Ecological Environmental Study Methodologies Useful for Public Health Projects. A Literature Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Type 1: Regression with Data by Geographical Area -- 3.2 Type 2: Regression Models at Individual Level -- 3.3 Type 3: Exposure Intensity Threshold Values for Evaluating Health Outcome -- 3.4 Type 4: Distance between Pollutant Source and Health Outcome Clusters -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Priority Substances and Emerging Organic Pollutants in Portuguese Aquatic Environment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Surface Waters -- 2.1 Industrial Compounds -- 2.2 Natural and Synthetic Estrogens -- 2.3 Phytoestrogens and Phytosterols -- 2.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 2.5 Pesticides -- 2.6 Portuguese vs European Surface Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 3 Groundwater and Drinking Waters -- 3.1 Pesticides -- 3.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 3.3 Portuguese vs European Groundwater and Drinking Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 4 Influent and Effluent Wastewaters -- 4.1 Pharmaceuticals -- 4.2 Personal Care Products -- 4.3 Portuguese vs European Wastewaters: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 5 Summary -- References -- Lead Toxicity, Antioxidant Defense and Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Form and Properties of Lead -- 3 Lead and Environment -- 4 Lead Effect on Health -- 4.1 Effect on the Nervous System -- 4.2 Effect on the Hematopoietic System -- 4.3 Effect on the Reproductive System -- 4.4 Effect on the Kidney -- 4.5 Effect on the Bone -- 5 Molecular Mechanism of Lead Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Cation Action -- 6 The Role of Antioxidants in Protecting Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 6.1 Flavonoids and Polyphenols -- 6.2 Vitamins -- 6.3 Antioxidants Availability and Nanoparticles -- 7 Summary -- References -- Persistent Organic Pollutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Diseases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 POPs and Metabolic Disorders of Insulin Resistance -- 3.1.1 Epidemiological Evidences -- 3.1.2 Experimental Evidences -- 3.2 POPs and Inflammation -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Pharmaceuticals May Disrupt Natural Chemical Information Flows and Species Interactions in Aquatic Systems: Ideas and Perspect. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Information Transfer via Infochemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 3 Current Levels of Pharmaceuticals Affect Organisms -- 3.1 Direct and Indirect Effects -- 3.2 Infodisruption and Mimicry -- 4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 5 Summary -- References -- Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reported Levels of Natural Radionuclides in the Oil Industry -- 3 NORM Action Limits -- 4 Radiological Exposure for Public, Workers, and Environmental Impact of TENORM -- 5 The Acceptability of Occupational Risks in Industry -- 6 Health Effects of Ionizing Radiations -- 7 Recommended Radiation Dose Limits -- 8 Recommendations -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.