Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- List of Contributors -- Part I Geological Background to Human Evolution -- 1. Stratigraphy Explained -- 2. Cyclostratigraphy -- 3. Geochronometry: Measurement of Geologic Time -- 4. Radiocarbon Dating -- 5. Potassium-Argon Dating -- 6. Electron Spin Resonance Dating, Fission-Track Dating, Thermoluminescence Dating, and Uranium-Series Dating -- 7. Paleomagnetism and Human Evolution -- 8. Taphonomy in Human Evolution -- Part II The Earliest Hominids: Biomolecular and Morphological Evidence -- 9. African Apes as Time Machines -- 10. Molecular Anthropology and the Molecular Clock -- 11. Human and Ape Molecular Clocks and Constraints on Paleontological Hypotheses -- 12. Ardipithecus ramidus, a Root Species for Australopithecus -- 13. First Hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya) -- 14. Late Miocene Hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia -- 15. A New Hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa -- Part III Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Relatives -- 16. The Australopithecines in Review -- 17. The New Hominid Species Australopithecus anamensis -- 18. New Hominin Genus from Eastern Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages -- 19. Tempo and Mode in Human Evolution -- 20. Inferring Hominoid and Early Hominid Phylogeny Using Craniodental Characters: The Role of Fossil Taxa -- 21. Evolution of Human Walking -- 22. Climbing to the Top: A Personal Memoir of Australopithecus afarensis -- 23. Early Hominid Brain Evolution: A New Look at Old Endocasts -- 24. Diet and the Evolution of the Earliest Human Ancestors -- 25. Early Hominid Evolution and Ecological Change through the African Plio-Pleistocene -- Part IV Origin of the Genus Homo and Early Evolution in Africa -- 26. The History of the Genus Homo. , 27. Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member), Ethiopia -- 28. Late Pliocene Homo and Hominid Land Use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania -- 29. Australopithecus garhi: A New Species of Early Hominid from Ethiopia -- 30. Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids -- 31. The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution between 2.6 -1.5 Million Years Ago -- 32. Perspectives on the Nariokotome Discovery -- 33. Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia -- Part V Evolution and Dispersal of Homo erectus -- 34. The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo -- 35. Dmanisi and Dispersal -- 36. A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia -- 37. Venta Micena, Barranco León-5 and Fuentenueva-3: Three Archaeological Sites in the Early Pleistocene Deposits of Orce, South-East Spain -- 38. New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia -- 39. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-Like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China -- 40. Evidence for the Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian, China -- 41. Homo erectus and the Emergence of Sunda in the Tethys Realm: Contributions of Potassium-Based Chronology in the Sangiran Dome, Central Java -- 42. Homo erectus Calvarium from the Pleistocene of Java -- 43. Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia -- 44. A New Small-Bodied Hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia -- 45. Grandmothering and the Evolution of Homo erectus -- Part VI Middle Pleistocene Hominids in Africa, Europe, and Asia -- 46. Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis. , 47. The Atapuerca Sites and Their Contributions to the Knowledge of Human Evolution in Europe -- 48. A Cranium for the Earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic Position of the Hominid from Ceprano, Italy -- 49. The KNM-ER 3884 Hominid and the Emergence of Modern Anatomy in Africa -- 50. Dali, a Skull of Archaic Homo sapiens from China -- 51. Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo -- 52. Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Weapons from Schöningen, Germany-The Oldest Spears in the World -- Part VII The Neandertals -- 53. Climatic Changes, Paleogeography, and the Evolution of the Neandertals -- 54. The Accretion Model of Neandertal Evolution -- 55. Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans -- 56. Cold Adaptation, Heterochrony, and Neandertals -- 57. Neandertal Cranial Ontogeny and Its Implications for Late Hominid Diversity -- 58. Neandertal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France -- Part VIII Origin of Modern Humans -- 59. Modern Human Origins: Progress and Prospects -- 60. A Reconsideration of the Omo-Kibish Remains and the erectus-sapiens Transition -- 61. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia -- 62. Multiple Dispersals and Modern Human Origins -- 63. Models, Predictions, and the Fossil Record of Modern Human Origins -- 64. Fully Modern Humans -- 65. The Big Deal about Blades: Laminar Technologies and Human Evolution -- 66. A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire -- 67. Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa -- Part IX Evolution of Homo sapiens -- 68. Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins -- 69. Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory -- 70. Origins of Modern Humans Still Look Recent -- 71. Out of Africa Again and Again -- 72. Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens. , 73. Human Colonization of the Americas: Timing, Technology and Process -- 74. Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective -- 75. On Stony Ground: Lithic Technology, Human Evolution and the Emergence of Culture -- Glossary.