Note: Intro -- The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus- Infected Host Plants -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Whiteflies, Geminiviruses and Recent Events -- 1.1 The Whitefly -- 1.2 Geminiviruses -- 1.2.1 Genera of Geminiviruses -- 1.3 Significant Events over the Last Two Decades -- 1.4 Objectives and Outline -- References -- Chapter 2: Interaction Between Bemisia tabaci , Begomoviruses, and Plant Species in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 The Whitefly Species Bemisia tabaci -- 2.1.2 The Original Bemisia tabaci Plant Hosts -- 2.1.3 The Original Begomovirus Reservoirs -- 2.1.4 Original Interactions Between B. tabaci , Begomoviruses and Crops in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 2.2 Main Crops Affected by Bemisia Tabaci-Borne Viruses -- 2.2.1 Common Bean -- 2.2.1.1 South America -- 2.2.1.2 Mesoamerica -- 2.2.1.3 Northern Mexico -- 2.2.2 Tomato -- 2.2.2.1 South America -- 2.2.2.2 Mexico -- 2.2.2.3 Central America -- 2.2.2.4 Caribbean Region -- 2.2.3 Sweet and Hot Peppers -- 2.2.4 Cucurbits -- 2.2.5 Potato -- 2.2.6 Tobacco -- 2.2.7 Soybean -- 2.2.8 Fruit Crops -- 2.3 The Ecology of Bemisia Tabaci -Transmitted Viruses in LAC -- 2.4 Integrated Whitefly and Begomovirus Management in LAC -- References -- Chapter 3: Bemisia tabaci - Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Interaction Causing Worldwide Epidemics -- 3.1 Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus -- 3.2 Ingestion and Inoculation of TYLCV by B. tabaci -- 3.2.1 Acquisition and Transmission -- 3.2.2 Transmission Efficiency of TYLCV by the B Biotype of B. tabaci : The Effect of Gender and Age -- 3.3 The Path of TYLCV in the Whitefly Host -- 3.3.1 Circulative Transmission of TYLCV -- 3.3.2 Velocity of Translocation. , 3.4 Virion and Whitefly Determinants Insuring Efficient Transmission of TYLCV by B. tabaci -- 3.4.1 The Virus Capsid -- 3.4.2 Association of Viral Particles with GroEL Homologue Produced by the Insect Endosymbiotic Bacteria -- 3.4.3 Interaction with Host Proteins -- 3.5 TYLCV Replication and Transcription in the Whitefly Host? -- 3.5.1 Replication -- 3.5.2 Transcription -- 3.6 Effect of TYLCV on Longevity and Fertility of B. tabaci -- 3.7 Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of TYLCV -- 3.7.1 Transovarial Transmission -- 3.7.2 Transmission During Mating -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 3.8.1 TYLCV-Whitefly Co-adaptation -- 3.8.2 The Whitefly Functional Genomics Project -- References -- Chapter 4: Bemisia tabaci Interaction with Cotton Leaf Curl Virus -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 The Virus: CLCuV -- 4.3 The Vector: Bemisia tabaci -- 4.4 B. tabaci CLCuV Interactions -- 4.4.1 Minimum Time Required for Successful Acquisition and Inoculation of CLCuV by B. tabaci -- 4.4.2 CLCuV Persistence in B. tabaci -- 4.4.3 Other Parameters Affecting B. tabaci CLCuV Interactions -- 4.4.4 CLCuV Affects Fitness of B. tabaci -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Association of Bemisia tabaci with the Severe Cassava Mosaic Disease in Uganda -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Etiology -- 5.2.1 The Begomoviruses Involved and Recombination Events -- 5.3 Symptomology -- 5.4 Spread of EACMV-UG -- 5.5 EACMV-UG Infected Host Plants Interaction with B. tabaci -- 5.5.1 The Virus -- 5.5.2 The Vector -- 5.5.2.1 Attraction to Olfactory and Visual Cues -- 5.5.2.2 Disease Spread Dynamics -- 5.5.2.3 Host Plant Response Effects on the Vector -- 5.5.2.4 The Biotype Factor -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- 5.6.1 Scenario of the Uganda Pandemic -- 5.6.2 Principles of Management -- 5.6.2.1 Use of Clean Planting Material -- 5.6.2.2 Roguing -- 5.6.2.3 Use of Resistant Varieties -- 5.6.2.4 Avoiding Pesticide Abuse. , References -- Chapter 6: Interaction of Bemisia tabaci with East African cassava mosaic virus -Infected Plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Taxonomy -- 6.1.2 Isolates of EACMV from Eastern Africa -- 6.1.3 Transmission Characteristics of Cassava Mosaic Geminiviruses (CMGs) -- 6.1.4 Vector-Host Plant Interaction -- 6.2 B. tabaci Interaction with Cassava Host Plants -- 6.2.1 Populations of B. tabaci on Uninfected Cassava and Cassava Infected with EACMV Over One Generation -- 6.2.2 Mortality Parameters on Developmental Stages -- 6.2.3 The Key Factor Concept and its Relevance to Population Dynamics -- 6.2.4 Sex Ratio -- 6.2.5 Development and Measures of Central Tendency -- 6.2.6 Assessment of At Least Two Generations of B. tabaci on Uninfected and Infected Plants -- 6.3 Concluding Remarks -- 6.3.1 Influence of EACMV-Infected Cassava Plants on B. tabaci -- 6.3.2 EACMV in Combination with ACMV and Recombination Events -- 6.3.3 Future Trends -- 6.3.3.1 B tabaci Genotypes in Eastern Africa -- 6.3.3.2 The Spread of EACMV -- References -- Chapter 7: Bemisia tabaci (Genn.): Biotypes and Cassava Mosaic Virus in India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci -- 7.2.1 Biological Assays -- 7.2.1.1 No Choice Host Plant Studies -- 7.2.1.2 Performance on Host Plants with Choice -- 7.2.1.3 Squash Silver Assay -- 7.2.2 Crossing Breeding -- 7.2.3 Isoenzyme Studies -- 7.2.3.1 Gel Electrophoresis -- Esterase -- Malate Dehydrogenase -- Phosphoglucoisomerase -- Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- Phosphoglucomutase -- 7.2.4 Molecular Evidences -- 7.2.5 Endosymbionts -- 7.2.6 Parasitoids -- 7.3 Indian Cassava Mosaic Virus -- 7.3.1 ICMV in Cassava Plants -- 7.3.2 ICMV in Vector -- 7.3.3 Bemisia tabaci Biotypes in ICMV Transmission -- 7.3.3.1 In Field -- 7.3.3.2 Green House -- 7.3.3.3 Leaf-Clip Cage Confined CWF- and SPWF-ICMV Transmission Studies. , 7.3.3.4 Influence of Different Number of CWF on ICMV Transmission -- 7.3.3.5 Effect of Duration of AAFP and IAFP on ICMV Transmission -- 7.3.4 Activity of Cyanogenic Glycoside Detoxifying Enzymes in SPWF and CWF -- 7.3.4.1 Rhodanase -- 7.3.4.2 ß-Cyanoalanine Synthase (Beta-CAS) -- 7.4 ICMV Detection -- 7.4.1 In Plants -- 7.4.1.1 ICMV Serological Assays - Dot-Blot Immuno Assay/TAS-ELISA -- 7.4.1.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 7.4.2 In B. tabaci - CWF -- 7.4.2.1 Dot-Blot Immunoassay -- 7.4.2.2 Serological Assay for ICMV in B. tabaci - CWF -- 7.4.2.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 7.4.3 DNA Sequencing -- 7.4.4 ICMV (Trivandrum) Nested Primer -- 7.4.4.1 Design of Oligonucleotide Primers -- 7.4.4.2 Coat Protein Gene Sequencing -- PCR Amplification of ICMV in Different Cassava Varieties Using Nested Primer -- Detection of ICMV in Whiteflies Under Different AAFP Using Nested Primer -- 7.5 B. tabaci Feeding Induced Pathogenesis Related Proteins in Cassava -- 7.5.1 Total Protein Determination and Electrophoresis -- 7.5.2 Enzyme Activity -- 7.6 Effect of ICMV on Vector -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: The Performance of Viruliferous and Non-Viruliferous Cassava Biotype Bemisia tabaci on Amino Acid Diets -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Artificial Feeding Systems -- 8.3 Influence of Amino Acids on B. tabaci -- 8.3.1 Influence on Different Aged B. tabaci -- 8.3.2 Influence of a Complete Range of Amino Acids -- 8.3.3 Influence of Single Amino Acids at Varying Concentrations -- 8.3.4 Influence of Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids -- 8.3.5 Performance of Viruliferous and Non-Viruliferous B. tabaci on Amino Acid Diets -- 8.4 Physiological Basis of Amino Acids Relative to Other Phloem Sap Sucking Insects -- 8.5 Distribution and Varying Influence of the Amino Acids -- 8.6 Concluding Remarks -- 8.6.1 The Amino Acids -- 8.6.2 Other Nutrient Factors. , 8.6.3 Role of Plant Semiochemicals -- 8.6.4 The Role of Endosymbionts -- References -- Chapter 9: Bemisia tabaci , the Capacity to Invade -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Molecular Techniques Utilized in Whitefly Identification and Classification -- 9.3 Reproductive Isolation -- 9.4 Factors Influencing Global Geographic Structure - Clues to an Invasion Process -- 9.5 The Capacity to Invade -- 9.5.1 Early Evidence of Biological Interactions -- 9.5.2 Asymmetrical Mating Interactions -- 9.5.3 Host Plant Mix Mediates Establishment -- 9.5.4 Insecticide Resistance -- 9.5.5 Whitefly-Begomovirus Interactions -- 9.6 Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Indonesia Virus- A Different Type of Invasion -- 9.7 Severe Cassava Mosaic Virus Epidemic in Uganda - Is This the Consequence of an Invasion? -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Global Emergence and Spread of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Transmitted Geminiviruses -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 WTGs Associated with Cassava Mosaic Disease -- 10.2.1 Emergence and Spread of WTGs in Cassava in Africa -- 10.2.2 Emergence and Spread of CMD Associated WTGs in Asia -- 10.3 WTGs Spreading in Cucurbits -- 10.4 WTGs Spreading in Leguminous Crops -- 10.4.1 Bean Golden Mosaic -- 10.4.2 Cowpea Golden Mosaic -- 10.4.3 Yellow Mosaic Diseases of Grain Legumes -- 10.4.4 Non-legumo WTGs Spreading in Grain Legumes -- 10.5 WTGs Causing Diseases in Malvaceous Crops -- 10.5.1 WTGs Causing Disease in Cotton -- 10.5.2 WTGs Causing Diseases in Okra -- 10.5.3 WTGs Spreading in Kenaf -- 10.6 WTGs Spreading in Solanaceous Crops -- 10.6.1 WTGs Spreading in Tomato in Central and North America -- 10.6.2 WTGs Spreading in Tomato in Latin America -- 10.6.3 WTGs Spreading in Tomato in Europe, Mediterranean and Middle East -- 10.6.4 WTGs Spreading in Tomato in Africa -- 10.6.5 Tomato WTGs Spreading in Tomato in Asia. , 10.6.6 WTGs Spreading in Other Solanaceous Crops.

Note: Intro -- Foreword: The Re-Birth of Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxane Chemistry -- Preface -- Biographical Note -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: From Early and Strategic Development through to Materials Application -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Early Synthesis of Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes (POS) -- 1.3 Hydrolysis and Condensation in Making Oligosilsesquioxanes -- 1.4 Synthesis of Hydridooctasilsesquioxane, H8Si8O12 (T8H8) and Octakis-(Hydridodimethylsiloxy)Octasilsesquioxane, [H(CH3)2SiO]8Si8O12 (Q8M8H8) -- 1.5 Hydrosilylation -- 1.6 Octa-Functionalized POS Macromonomers -- 1.6.1 Macromonomers Derived by the Hydrosilylation of Octahydridosilsesquioxane (H8Si8O12 -- T8 H ) -- 1.6.2 Macromonomers Derived by the Hydrosilylation of Octa(Hydridodimethylsiloxy) Octasilsesquioxane [(HSiMe2O)8Si8O12 -- (Q8M8H8)] -- 1.7 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials Prepared from POS: Octasilsesquioxanecontaining Polymers -- 1.7.1 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Crosslinked Materials Containing POS -- 1.7.2 Star-Shaped Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials Containing POS as a Macroinitiator -- 1.8 Mono-Substituted Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Macromonomers -- 1.8.1 Synthesis of Mono-Substituted Silsesquioxanes by Hydrolysis of Trifunctional Silanes -- 1.8.2 Synthesis of Mono-Substituted Silsesquioxanes by Hydrosilylation -- 1.8.3 Synthesis of Mono-Substituted Silsesquioxanes by Corner-Capping Reactions -- 1.9 Chemistry of Incompletely Condensed Silsesquioxanes -- 1.9.1 Synthesis of Incompletely Condensed Silsesquioxanes -- 1.9.2 Chemistry of Incompletely Condensed Silsesquioxanes -- 1.9.3 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials Derived from Mono-Substituted POS Monomers -- 1.10 Summary -- 1.11 References -- Chapter 2 Preparation and Characterization of Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes -- 2.1 General Comments. , 2.2 Synthe sis of TnRn Compounds where R = H, Alkyl or Alkenyl -- 2.2.1 Hydrolysis -- 2.2.1.1 T4 and T6 Compounds -- 2.2.1.2 T8 Compounds -- 2.2.1.3 T10, T12 and Larger Compounds -- 2.2.2 Substitution -- 2.2.3 Cage Rearrangement -- 2.2.4 Modification of R -- 2.2.4.1 T8 Compounds -- 2.2.4.2 T10 and T12 Compounds -- 2.2.5 Other Synthetic Methods -- 2.2.5.1 T6 Compounds -- 2.2.5.2 T8 Compounds -- 2.2.5.3 T10 and T12 Compounds -- 2.3 Synthesis of TnRn Compounds where R = Aryl -- 2.3.1 Hydrolysis -- 2.3.1.1 T8 Compounds -- 2.3.1.2 T10 and T12 Compounds -- 2.3.2 Modification of R -- 2.3.2.1 T8 Compounds -- 2.3.2.2 T10 and T12 Compounds -- 2.3.3 Other Synthetic Methods -- 2.4 Synthesis of Tn Rn Compounds where R =Alkoxy -- 2.5 Synthesis of TnRn Compounds whereR = Siloxy -- 2.5.1 Corner Capping -- 2.5.2 Substitution -- 2.5.2.1 T8 Compounds -- 2.5.2.2 T10, T12, and T14 Compounds -- 2.5.3 Modification of R -- 2.5.3.1 T6 Compounds -- 2.5.3.2 T8 Compounds -- 2.5.3.3 T10 Compounds -- 2.6 Synthesis of TnRn Compounds where R = Metal Complex -- 2.6.1 Hydrolysis -- 2.6.2 Substitution -- 2.6.2.1 T8 Compounds -- 2.6.2.2 T10 Compounds -- 2.6.3 Modification of R -- 2.7 Synthesis of Miscellaneous TnRn Compounds -- 2.7.1 Hydrolysis -- 2.7.1.1 T6 Compounds -- 2.7.1.2 T8 Compounds -- 2.7.1.3 T10 Compounds -- 2.7.2 Co-Hydrolysis -- 2.7.3 Substitution and Modification of Functional Groups -- 2.7.4 Other Synthetic Methods -- 2.7.4.1 T4 Compounds -- 2.7.4.2 T8 Compounds -- 2.7.4.3 T10 Compounds -- 2.8 Synthesis of Endohedral T8R8 Compounds -- 2.9 Introduction to the Physical Properties of POS Compounds -- 2.10 NMR and EPR Spectroscopy of POS Compounds -- 2.10.1 Solution 29Si NMR Studies -- 2.10.2 Solid State NMR Studies -- 2.10.3 EPR Spectra -- 2.11 Vibrational Spectra of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Compounds -- 2.12 Mass Spectra of POS Compounds. , 2.13 Electronic Spectra of POS Compounds -- 2.14 Structural Studies of POS Compounds -- 2.14.1 Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction Studies -- 2.14.2 Structures Derived from Computational and Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction Studies -- 2.14.3 X-ray Diffraction Studies on Powders, Thin Films, etc. -- 2.14.3.1 T8R8 Compounds -- 2.14.3.2 T8R7R' Compounds -- 2.15 TGA, DSC and Related Studies of POS Compounds -- 2.15.1 T8R8 Compounds (R = H, Alkyl, Vinyl, Aryl or Silyl Derivatives) -- 2.15.2 T8R8 Compounds (R = Siloxy Derivatives) -- 2.15.3 T8R7R' Compounds -- 2.16 Microscopy Studies of T8 POS Compounds -- 2.16.1 T8R8 Compounds -- 2.16.2 T8R7R' Compounds -- 2.17 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of POS Compounds -- 2.18 Electrochemistry of POS Compounds -- 2.19 Chromatographic Methods Applied to POS Compounds -- 2.20 Miscellaneous Physical Properties of POS Compounds -- 2.21 Acknowledgments -- 2.22 References -- Chapter 3 Metallasilsesquioxanes: Molecular Analogues of Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Metallasilsesquioxanes -- 3.2.1 Group 4 - Ti, Zr, Hf -- 3.2.2 Group 5 - V -- 3.2.3 Group 6 - Mo -- 3.2.4 Group 8 - Fe -- 3.2.5 Group 12 - Zn -- 3.2.6 Group 13 - Al -- 3.2.7 Group 14 - Si -- 3.2.8 Lanthanides - Nd -- 3.2.9 Hetero-bimetallic Systems -- 3.3 Phosphasilsesquioxanes as Ligands -- 3.4 Catalytic Materials Derived From Metalla-Silsesquioxanes -- 3.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- 3.6 References -- Chapter 4 Polymers and Copolymers Containing Covalently Bonded Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Moieties -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthetic Strategies -- 4.2.1 Free Radical Polymerization -- 4.2.2 Living Radical Polymerization (ATRP, RAFT and NMP) -- 4.2.3 Anionic Polymerization -- 4.2.4 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) -- 4.2.5 Metallocene-Catalyzed Polymerization -- 4.2.6 Step-Growth Polymerization -- 4.2.7 Grafting. , 4.3 POS Pendant-Random Copolymers -- 4.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature -- 4.3.2 Mechanical Properties -- 4.3.3 Crystallinity in POS Pendant-Random Copolymers -- 4.4 POS Pendant-Block Copolymers -- 4.4.1 Diblocks -- 4.4.2 Triblocks -- 4.4.3 Hemitelechelic ('Tadpole'-Shaped) Polymers -- 4.4.4 Telechelic (Dumbbell-Shaped) Polymers -- 4.5 POS-Polyimide and POS-Urethanes -- 4.5.1 POS-Polyimide -- 4.5.2 POS-Urethane -- 4.6 Multifunctional POS in Network or Core Structures -- 4.6.1 Epoxy Networks -- 4.6.2 Other POS Networks -- 4.6.3 POS Star or Core Structures -- 4.7 Conclusion -- 4.8 References -- Chapter 5 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Plastics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 POS are Molecules -- 5.3 POS as Plastics Additives -- 5.4 POS Solubility -- 5.5 Effects of POS on Polymer Properties -- 5.5.1 POS Solubilized in the Polymer -- 5.5.2 POS Insoluble Present at Concentrations Above the Solubility Limit -- 5.5.3 POS Chemically Attached to the Polymer -- 5.5.4 POS Network Thermosets -- 5.6 POS Dispersants -- 5.7 POS Metal Deactivators -- 5.8 New Applications and the Future -- 5.9 Conclusions -- 5.10 References -- Chapter 6 Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxane Surfaces and Superhydrophobicity -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Experimental -- 6.2.1 Materials -- 6.2.2 Single Crystal X-Ray Structural Characterization -- 6.2.3 Fluorinated POS Coating and Composite Preparation -- 6.2.3.1 Spin Cast Fluorinated POS Coating -- 6.2.3.2 Fluorinated POS Solvent Blended Composites with 6F-BP PFCB Aryl Ether Polymer -- 6.2.3.3 Fluorinated POS Melt Blended PCTFE -- 6.2.4 Thermo-Mechanical Analysis -- 6.2.5 Microscopy -- 6.2.5.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 6.2.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 6.2.6 Static and Dynamic Contact Angle -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Fluorinated POS Synthesis -- 6.3.2 Fluorinated POS Properties. , 6.3.3 POS Fluoropolymers -- 6.3.3.1 Dispersion -- 6.3.3.2 Melt Processability -- 6.3.3.3 Thermo-Mechanical Analysis -- 6.3.3.4 Surface Properties -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 6.5 Acknowledgments -- 6.6 References -- Chapter 7 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Electronics and Energy Applications -- Introduction -- 7.1 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Liquid Crystal Systems -- 7.2 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Electroluminescent (EL) Materials and Light Emitting Devices (LEDs) -- 7.2.1 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane End-capped EL Polymers -- 7.2.2 EL Polymers with Pendant Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Groups -- 7.2.3 EL Star Architectures with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Cores -- 7.2.4 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Iridium Complexes -- 7.2.5 Physical Blending of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes into EL Polymers -- 7.3 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Non-linear Optic (NLO), Optical Limiting (OL) and Laser Applications -- 7.4 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Lithographic Applications -- 7.5 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Sensor Systems -- 7.5.1 Fluorophore-Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes as Sensors -- 7.5.2 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Sensors for Gas and Vapor Detection -- 7.5.3 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Conducting Composite and Electrochemical Sensors -- 7.6 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Fuel Cell Applications -- 7.7 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Battery Applications -- 7.8 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes as Lubricants -- 7.9 References -- Chapter 8 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Space Applications -- 8.1 The Space Environment -- 8.2 Resistance of Siloxane Copolymers to Atomic Oxygen in Low Earth Orbit -- 8.3 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Space Solar Power Systems -- 8.4 Summary. , 8.5 References.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Participants to the Workshop -- UNIDENTIFIED GAMMA-RAY SOURCES: AN INTRODUCTION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE EARLIEST UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES -- 2.1. THE SOURCE IN VELA -- 2.2. THE SECOND SOURCE IN THEGALACTIC ANTICENTER - GEMINGA -- 3. SOURCE CLASSES -- 3.1. EXTENDED SOURCES -- 3.2. ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI (AGN) -- 3.3. PULSARS -- 4. POPULATION STUDIES -- 4.1. THE SECOND COS-B CATALOG -- 4.2. SUPERNOVA REMNANT OBASSOCIATIONS -- 4.3. WOLF-RAYET STARS -- 5. DISCUSSION -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- 7. SUMMARY -- References -- THE GAMMA-RAY PROPERTIES OF UNIDENTIFIED EGRET SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EGRET SOURCE CATALOGS AND GAMMA-RAY SOURCE LOCATIONS -- 3. EGRET SOURCE DETECTABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES -- 4. VARIABILITY OF GAMMA-RAY SOURCES -- 5. SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMMA-RAY SOURCES -- 6. SIGNATURES FROM SPATIAL, TEMPORAL AND SPECTRAL PROPERTIES -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MULTIWAVELENGTH SEARCHES AND SPECTRAL ASPECTS OF UNIDENTIFIED HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF3EG J2016+3657 & -- 3EG J2021+3719 -- 3. THE CASE OF 3EG J2227 +6122 -- 4. THE NATURE OF 3EG J1835+5918 -- 5. SUMMARY -- References -- γ-RAY SOURCES OFF THE GALACTIC PLANE: HOW OLD AND FAR AWAY? -- 1. SOURCES OFF THE GALACTIC PLANE -- 2. SOURCES IN THE GOULD BELT -- 3. SOURCES AT LARGE SCALE HEIGHT -- References -- LOW-LATITUDE GAMMA-RAY SOURCES: CORRELATIONS AND VARIABILITY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LOW-LATITUDE SOURCES AND THE SPIRAL STRUCTURE OF THE GALAXY -- 3. CORRELATIONS WITH GALACTIC OBJECTS -- 4. STARS -- 5. SUPERNOVA REMNANTS -- 6. OB ASSOCIATIONS -- 7. UNCORRELATED SOURCES -- 8. VARIABLE GAMMA-RAY SOURCES IN THE GALAXY -- Early-type stars with strong winds. -- Pulsars. -- Faint microquasars. , Isolated black holes accreting from the interstellar medium -- Non-pulsating (NP) black holes -- 9. FINAL REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- POPULATION STUDIES OF UNIDENTIFIED HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TWO POPULATIONS OF STEADY UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES -- 3. POPULATION PROPERTIES -- 4. DIFFUSE GALACTIC GAMMA-RAY HALO -- 5. GOULD BELT ORIGIN -- 6. IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE -- Radio-quiet pulsars -- Massive stars. -- Molecular clouds. -- Supernova remenants -- References -- POPULATION STUDIES OF THE EGRET SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OUR APPROACH TO POPULATION STUDIES -- A void data binning. -- Avoid cuts in the sources population -- Take properly into account the sensitivity variation across the sky. -- Use extensive Monte Carlo simulations to obtain reliable estimatesof significance. -- 3. A SIMPLE EXAMPLE -- 4. MODELING THE SKY DISTRIBUTION -- 5. 3-D MODELING: L, B, AND FLUX -- 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK -- References -- POSITIONAL CORRELATION BETWEEN LOW-LATITUDE I-RAY SOURCES AND SUPERNOVA REMNANTS -- 1. SUPERNOVA REMNANTS AS GAMMA-RAY EMITTERS -- 2. POSITIONAL CORRELATION -- 3. SPECTRAL AND VARIABILITY INDICES -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- GEMINGA PULSARS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GEMINGA -- 2.1. RADIO-SILENCE, RADIO-QUIETNESS -- 2.2. PSR J0630+1746 -- 3. GALACTIC EGRET SOURCES -- 3.1. ,-RAY PULSARS -- 3.2. UNIDENTIFIED GALACTIC SOURCES -- 4. NOTORIOUS GEMINGA CANDIDATES -- 4.1. 3EG JOOIO+7307 -- 4.2. 3EG J1835+5918 -- 4.3. 3EG J2020+4017 -- 4.4. 3EG J2227 +6122 -- 4.5. RELATED OBJECTS -- 5. PERSPECTIVES -- 5.1. PRESENT MULTIWAVELENGTH -- selection of ,-ray sources: -- X-ray imaging -- optical observations: -- periodicity searches -- periodicity confirmation: -- 5.2. FROM EGRET TO GLAST -- 5.2.1 Direct period searches. -- 6. SUMMARY -- References. , X-RAY AND RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF BRIGHT GEV SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OBSERVATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL LOWER ENERGY COUNTERPARTS -- 3. ASCA X-RAY SURVEY -- 3.1. PREVIOUSLY KNOWN SUPERNOVAREMNANTS -- 3.2. MASSIVE BINARIES -- 4. MULTI-WAVELENGTH STUDIES OF GEV SELECTED FIELDS -- 4.1. ISOLATED PULSAR CANDIDATES -- 4.2. CANDIDATE PULSAR WIND NEBULAE -- 4.2.1 The Kookaburra and the Rabbit -- 4.2.2 GeV J1809-2327j A New PWN -- 5. SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- References -- GAMMA-RAY PULSARS IN THE UNIDENTIFIED POPULATION: THE 'OUTER GAP' PERSPECTIVE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DETAILS, PROFILES AND BEAMING -- 3. NUMBER OF 'GEMINGA'S - CLASSIC RADIO PULSARS AND THE UNIDENTIFIED POPULATION -- 4. OTHER PULSAR GAMMA-RAYS -- 5. THE FULL POPULATION -- 6. SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- References -- IDENTIFYING THE MYSTERIOUS EGRET SOURCES: SIGNATURES OF POLAR CAP PULSAR MODELS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POLAR CAP MODELS OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS -- 2.1. BASIC PROPERTIES OF CASCADES -- 3. PREDICTIONS OF POLAR CAP MODELS -- 3.1. CRAB-LIKE AND VELA-LIKE PULSARS -- 3.2. PSR 1509-58 AND HIGH B PULSARS -- 3.3. MAGNETARS: NOT RELEVANT FORDIDS? -- 3.4. RADIO QUIESCENCE AT HIGH B? -- 3.5. OFF-BEAM PULSARS -- 4. GLOBAL PROPERTIES FOR POPULATION STUDIES -- 4.1. GAMMA-RAY LUMINOSITIES -- 4.2. GAMMA-RAY VS. RADIOOBSERVABILITY -- 5. CONCLUSION -- References -- MASSIVE STARS AND GAMMA-RAY SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS -- 3. A YOUNG, BINARY PULSAR IN A GAMMA-RAY ERROR BOX -- 4. SPECULATION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- DIFFUSE SOURCES OF HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA RAYS IN THE MILKY WAY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GAMMA-RAY PRODUCTION MECHANISMS -- 3. COSMIC RAYS -- 4. RESULTS FROM EGRET -- 4.1. COSMIC RAYS ARE GALACTIC -- 4.2. PION BUMP -- 4.3. MOLECULAR MASS CALIBRATION -- 4.4. INTERSTELLAR EMISSION MODELS -- 4.5. GEV EXCESS. , 4.6. HIGH-LATITUDE EMISSIVITY EXCESS -- 4.7. HALO IN GAMMA RAYS -- 4.8. SOURCE CONFUSION -- 5. ANTICIPATED PROGRESS WITH GLAST -- 6. SUMMARY -- References -- NONLINEAR SHOCK ACCELERATION AND PHOTON PRODUCTION IN YOUNG SUPERNOVA REMNANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NONLINEAR SHOCK MODEL -- 3. THREE YOUNG SNRS -- 3.1. FITTING PARAMETERS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- GUIDING THE WAY TO GAMMA-RAY SOURCES: X-RAY STUDIES OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GAMMA-RAYS FROM SNRS -- 2.1. PULSARS AND SYNCHROTRONNEBULAE -- 2.1.1 G21.5-0.9. -- 2.1.2 eTA 1 and 2EG J0008+7303. -- 2.1.3 Other Plerionic Candidates. -- 2.2. PARTICLE ACCELERATION BY SNRSHOCKS -- 2.3. PION DECAY AND MOLECULARCLOUD INTERACTIONS -- 2.3.1 MSH 11-6 lA and 3EG J1101-6103. -- 2.4. NONTHERMAL X-RAY EMISSIONFROM SNRS -- 3. SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MICROQUASARS IN THE GALAXY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NEW MICRO QUASARS -- 3. THE SEARCH FOR OPTICAL AND INFRARED COUNTERPARTS TOMICRO QUASARS -- 4. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DISK AND JET -- 5. VLBA OBSERVATIONS OF GRS 1915+105 -- 6. PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE -- Acknowledgments -- References -- VLT OBSERVATIONS OF GALACTIC MICRO QUASARS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OBSERVATIONS -- 3. GRS 1915+105 -- 4. IE 1740.7-2942 -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- MICRO QUASARS AND UNIDENTIFIED EGRET SOURCES: THE CASE OF LS 5039 -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. A NEW MICROQUASAR: LS 5039 -- 3. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 3EG J1824-1514 AND LS 5039 -- 4. SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- NP BLACK HOLES AS HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. WHERE DO THEY COME FROM? -- 1.2. WHY DOESN'T THE NP BLACK HOLEELECTRICALLY DISCHARGE? -- 1.3. WHAT IS THE EMISSIVITY OF THEJET? -- 2. THE CHARGE ON A MAGNETIZED BLACK HOLE -- 2.1. THE CHARGE OF A NEUTRON STARIN A PULSAR. , 2.2. EMFS FROM BLACK HOLE ROTATION -- 3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE NP BLACK HOLE MAGNETOSPHERE -- 3.1. THE KERR-NEWMAN FIELD -- 3.2. MAGNETOSPHERIC DYNAMICS -- 4. JET LUMINOSITY -- 5. SUMMARY -- References -- TEV OBSERVATIONS OF SNRS AND UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES -- 3. SUPERNOVA REMNANTS -- 3.1. PLERIONS -- 3.2. SHELL-TYPE -- 4. UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES -- 5. THE NEXT GENERATION -- 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- References -- A FIRST EGRET-UNID-RELATED AGENDA FOR THE NEXT-GENERATION CHERENKOV TELESCOPES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE NEXT-GENERATION CHERENKOV TELESCOPES -- 3. OBSERVABILITY CRITERIA -- 3.1. SPECTRAL STEEPENING -- 3.2. SKY ACCESS LIMITS -- 3.3. ZENITH-ANGLE DEPENDENCE OFENERGY THRESHOLD AND FLUXSENSITIVITY -- 3.4. REQUIRED OBSERVATION TIME -- 4. THE AGENDA -- 4.1. PRESELECTION -- 4.2. PRIME CANDIDATES -- 5. DISCUSSION -- References -- GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY IN THE ERA OF GLAST -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GLAST OVERVIEW -- 3. GLAST SCIENCE -- 3.1. UNIDENTIFIED SOURCES -- 3.2. GAMMA-RAY BLAZARS -- 3.3. SUPERNOVA REMNANT ORIGINOF COSMIC RAYS -- 3.4. GAMMA RAY BURSTS -- 4. GLAST INSTRUMENT AND INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIST SELECTION -- 4.1. LARGE AREA TELESCOPE -- Si Tracker: -- Cs! Calorimeter: -- Anticoincidence Shield: -- Data Acquisition System: -- 4.2. GLAST BURST MONITOR -- 4.3. IDS SELECTION -- References -- THE AGILE GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY SATELLITE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. OVERVIEW OF THE AGILE INSTRUMENT -- 2.1. GRID -- 2.2. SUPER-AGILE -- 3. SCIENTIFIC PERFORMANCES -- 4. THE MISSION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PRESENTATIONS OF THE MULTIWAVELENGTH ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION -- 1. THE ROLE OF CHERENKOV TELESCOPES IN SOLVING THE EGRET-UNID PUZZLE -- 2. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS -- 3. OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS -- 4. RADIO OBSERVATIONS -- 4.1. WHY RADIO OBSERVATIONS? -- 4.2. WHAT CAN WE DO IN THE NEXTYEARS? -- Acknowledgments. , References.

Note: Intro -- ASTEROSEISMOLOGY ACROSS THE HR DIAGRAM -- CONTENTS -- FOREWORD -- COMMITTEES AND SPONSORS -- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS -- 1. PRESENT OBSERVATIONAL STATUS -- 2. ASTEROSEISMIC TECHNIQUES -- 3. ASTEROSEISMIC CONSTRAINTS ON STELLAR STRUCTURE -- 4. SUMMARY.