Note: Intro -- Climate Change and the Sustainable Use of Water Resources -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I -- 1 Climate Change Impacts on Green Water Fluxes in the Eastern Mediterranean -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data Quality -- Method of Investigation -- Soil Moisture and Runoff -- Transpiration -- Results -- Soil Moisture Dynamics -- Direct Evaporation -- Transpiration -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Stormwater Reuse via Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Risk Assessment for Sandy AquifersTC ''Stormwater reuse via aquifer storage and recovery:'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Benefits and Constraints of ASR -- Stormwater Versus Treated Effluent -- ASR Technique: Theory and Case Studies -- Site Selection Considerations -- Water Quality Considerations -- Microbial Pathogens -- Natural Organic Matter -- Redox Reactions -- Ion Exchange -- Dissolution/Precipitation -- ASR in Use -- First Conclusions -- Stormwater ASR in Sandy Aquifers -- Stormwater Quality -- Total Suspended Solids -- Nutrients and Oxygen -- Organic Carbon -- Heavy Metals -- Metal Behaviour During the ASR Cycle -- Pretreatment -- Injection -- Storage -- Recovery -- Overall -- Implications and Recommendations -- Implications for Stormwater ASR in Sandy Aquifers -- Aquifer Selection Recommendations -- Monitoring Recommendations -- Pretreatment Recommendations -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Hydrologic Balance of Citarum Watershed under Current and Future ClimateTC ''Hydrologic Balance of Citarum Watershed Under Current and Future Climate'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Streamflow Analysis -- Hydrology Balance Analysis -- Water Supply -- Water Demand -- Water Supply Scenarios -- Water Demand Scenarios -- Results of Analysis -- Impact of ENSO on Streamflow -- Water Supply -- Water Balance. , No Change in Rainfall Scenario -- Change in Rainfall Scenario -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 Towards a Database for an Information Management System on Climate Change: An Online Resource -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problem Definition -- Goals and Objectives -- Materials and Methods -- Conclusion -- Supporting Information Available -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Evapotranspiration and Soil SalinizationTC ''Assessing the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration and soil salinization'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II -- 6 The South African Water Sector: On its Way Towards Adaptive Water Governance?TC ''The South African Water Sector: on its Way Towards Adaptive Water Governance?'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Towards a Concept for Adaptive Water Governance -- Adaptive Governance -- Good Governance -- Water Governance -- Adaptive Water Governance -- The Problem of Interplay: Multi-Level and Horizontal Governance -- The Problem of Fit: Polycentric, Flexible and Redundant Governance Structures -- Social Sustainability: Equity, Integration and Participation -- Economic Sustainability: Efficiency and Coherence -- Political Sustainability: Rule of Law, Accountability and Transparency -- Ecological Sustainability and Responsiveness -- Synergies and Trade-Offs Between the Elements of Adaptive Water Governance -- Adaptive Water Governance Applied to South African Water Governance Reforms -- Flexible Institutions: the National Water Act -- Redundancy: Functional Overlap of Institutions -- Participation of Stakeholders: Top--Down Versus Bottom--Up -- Equity: Providing Equal Access to Water and Sanitation Services -- Conclusion. , Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Increase in Port Downtime and Damage in Vietnam Due To a Potential Increase in Tropical Cyclone IntensityTC ''Increase in Port Downtime and Damage in Vietnam Due to a Potential Increase in Tropical Cyclone Intensity'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Assumptions -- Tropical Cyclone Data -- Population Projections -- GDP Projections -- Simulation Methodology -- Increase in Tropical Cyclone Intensity in the Year 2085 -- Effect of Maximum Sustained Wind Speed on Radius of Tropical Cyclone -- Computation of Wind Downtime and Minimum Damage Threshold -- Estimation of Indirect Damage -- Loss of Productivity of Ports -- Effect of Climate Change on Port Operations -- Estimation of Direct Damage -- Implications and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Hydro-Economic Analysis for Water Resources Management in a Changing ClimateTC ''Hydro-Economic Analysis for Water Resources Management in a Changing Climate'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hydro-Economic Models: Concept and Design -- A Description of the Approach -- Examples of Model Design -- Analysing Adaptation in Water Resources Management with a Hydro-Economic Approach -- Water and Agriculture -- Water and its Multiple Users -- Additional Applications of Hydro-Economic Models -- New Infrastructure and Water Markets -- Flood Infrastructure Investments -- Institutional Aspects: Barriers to Climate Resilient Water Management -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Climate Change and Water Resource Availability: What to Do? -- Abstract -- Water Resource and Climate Change: A Background -- Another Global Problem Connected with Water Resource: The Price of Water -- Adaptation to Climate Change as Sustainable Water Management -- A Way for Sustainable Water Management: Environmental Education as Ethics of Consumption for Young Generations. , Discussion of Results -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 Adaptations to Climate Change and Variability Among Smallholder Farmers in TanzaniaTC ''Adaptations to Climate Change and Variability Among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussions -- Evolution and Dynamics of Farmer Groups in the Study Areas -- Vertical Progress of Farmer Groups -- Step Towards an Economic Stage -- Horizontal Expansion of Farmer Group Activities -- Impacts of Climate Change Adaptations on Land Cover Degradation -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 ''Greening'' Integrated Water Resources Management Policies for Tackling Climate Change Impacts: A Call for Sustainable Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Concept of IWRM -- IWRM and Climate Change -- Greening IWRM: A Demand of the Time -- Why ''Greening IWRM''? -- What is Green IWRM? -- Greening IWRM: A Process Approach -- Greening IWRM: The Case of Bangladesh -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Urbanization and Flood Vulnerability in a Peri-Urban Neighbourhood of Dakar, Senegal: How can Participatory GIS Contribute to Flood Management?TC ''Urbanization and flood vulnerability in a peri-urban neighborhood of Dakar (Senegal): How can participatory GIS contribute to flood management?'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- The problem of Floods at the Peri-Urban Interface -- GIS as a Diagnostic Tool -- GIS as a Prescriptive Tool -- Alternative GISs: PPGIS, PGIS, and CiGIS -- PGIS: a Definition -- Participation in PGIS -- The Benefits of Participation -- Access to Differentiated Information -- The Potential for Empowerment -- Objectives -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Results -- The Urbanization Process -- The Influence of Landforms -- The Influence of Land Availability -- The Influence of Land Price -- Risk Awareness and Marginalization. , PGIS: The Intersection between Intervention and Research -- Participation and Empowerment -- Participation and an Improved Access to Knowledge -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Vulnerability of Andean Communities to Climate Variability and Climate ChangeTC ''Vulnerability of Andean Communities to Climate Variability and Climate Change'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Governance, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change -- The Study Areas -- The Vulnerability of the Basins -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Water Management Issues in Southern Tunisia Under a Climate Change ContextTC ''Water Management Issues in the Southern Tunisia Under Climate Change Context'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Cross-border Water Management Issues -- Southern Tunisia Water Policy Milestones -- Technical Constraints -- The Illegal Oasis Extension -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Climate Change and its Impacts on the Livelihoods of the Vulnerable People in the Southwestern Coastal Zone in BangladeshTC ''Climate Change and its Impacts on the Livelihoods of the Vulnerable People in the Southwestern Coastal Zone in Bangladesh'' \f C \l ''3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Key Hazards, Vulnerabilities and Risks Due to Climate Change -- Current Climate -- Sea Level Rise -- Saltwater Intrusion -- Increased Intensity of Extreme Events -- Increasing Cyclones and Storm Surges -- Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Flooding -- Increased Drought -- Key Impacts and Vulnerabilities -- Crop Agriculture and Food Security -- Livestock -- Coastal Zone -- Impact on Mangrove Ecosystem -- Settlements and Infrastructure -- Impact on Livelihoods -- Vulnerability of Small Farmers in the Coastal Zone -- Wage Labour in the Coastal Zone -- Changing Lives -- Losing Livelihood: Gradually -- Lost Livelihood: Sudden -- Summary of the Key Impacts. , Adaptation Strategies for Reducing Vulnerabilities Due to Climate Change.

Note: Intro -- The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change -- Foreword -- Contents -- Part I: Social Aspects of Climate Change -- Chapter 1: Adaptive Capacities of European City Regions in Climate Change: On the Importance of Governance Innovations for Regional Climate Policies -- Introduction: Adaptation Policies for European Regions -- Knowledge: What Are the Dominating Narrative Frames of Regional Climate Policies? -- Infrastructure: Is the ``European City´´ an Adapted Urban Development Strategy? -- Institutions: Multi-Level Governance for Successful Climate Policy Integration -- Governance Innovations: Lessons from Innovative Institutions for Regional Adaptation in Northern Hesse -- Conclusions: Integration of Climate Change Policy into Regional Governance Needed -- References -- Chapter 2: An Assessment of Climate-Induced Conflict Risks Over Shared Water Resources in Africa -- Introduction -- Climate Change and Freshwater Demands in Africa -- Difficulties, Constraints and Limitations Related to Climatic Changes in Africa -- Case Studies on African Water Conflicts -- Cameroon Versus Nigeria on Lake Chad -- Problem Definition -- Senegal Versus Mauritania -- Problem Definition -- Ghana Versus Burkina Faso (1998) -- Problem Definition -- Niger Versus Nigeria on the Niger River Basin -- Problem Definition -- Eastern Africa (IGAD Region) -- Problem Definition -- Conflict Resolution Techniques -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Indigenous Communities and Climate Change Policy: An Inclusive Approach -- Introduction -- Social Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Communities Across the Globe -- The Social Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Communities in Asia -- Role of Indigenous Communities in Dealing with Climate Change -- Potential Response of Indigenous Communities -- Adaptive Strategies in the Past. , Adaptive Strategies in the Present -- The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Communities in India -- Tackling Water Stress with Traditional Practices in India -- Carbon Offsetting Techniques -- Why There Is a Need To Have an Inclusive Approach in Climate Change Policy -- Adaptation and Mitigation -- Policy Issues and Gaps -- Recommendations and the Way Forward to Copenhagen -- Areas for Further Research -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Mitigating Climate Change Via Clean Energy Financing: An Assessment of the Asian Development Bank´s Mitigation Efforts in Southeast Asia -- Introduction -- Economic, Energy and Emission Trends in the Study Countries -- Nexus Between Climate Change Mitigation, the Clean Energy Paradigm, and Energy for the Poor -- Financing Issues and the Funding Role of MDBs -- ADB´s Engagement in Clean Energy Finance: A Case Study -- Assessment of ADB´s Clean Energy Strategies in Southeast Asia -- Conceptual Assessment of ADB´s Country Strategies -- Operational Assessment of ADB Energy Sector Lending -- Some Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- Appendix: Assessment of ADB Energy Sector Portfolio -- References -- Chapter 5: Nikan oti (the future): Adaptation and Adaptive Capacity in Two First Nations Communities -- Introduction -- Elder Contributions -- Historical Changes -- Adaptive Capacity -- James Smith Capacity To Adapt -- Shoal Lake Capacity To Adapt -- First Nation Spiritual Philosophies -- Thought for the Future -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Mitigation of the Earth´s Economy: A Viable Strategy for Insurance Systems -- Insurance Systems and Climate Change -- Linked Social‒Ecological Systems -- Three Systems . . . -- . . .in Relationship -- Why Mitigation Is a Necessity for Insurance Systems -- Reflexive Mitigation: A Viable Insurance System Approach. , Did a Reflexive Mitigation Path for Insurance Appear Post-Katrina? -- A Stable Basis for Adaptation with Grace -- Adaptation to Climate Change: Business-as-Usual -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Contribution of Urban Agriculture to Food Security, Biodiversity Conservation and Reducing Agricultural Carbon Footprint -- Introduction -- Urban Agriculture and Food Security -- Urban Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation -- Urban Agriculture, Carbon Footprint and Carbon Credit -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Temporal Metaphor in Abrupt Climate Change Communication: An Initial Effort at Clarification -- Introduction -- Metaphor in Climate Change Communication -- Steven Jay Gould´s Dichotomy of Temporal Metaphor -- Metaphor and Analogy in Warnings of Abrupt Climate Change -- Insight into Signals of Danger -- Theoretical References -- Overextension -- Re-description and Conventionalization -- Implications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: The Increase of Global Temperature as a Result of the Greenhouse Effect: Assessing the Reasons for Disagreement Among Scientists -- Introduction -- Research Methodology -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: The Social Dilemma of Climate Change: Socio-economic Implications -- Introduction: Climate Change Is Essentially a Social Dilemma -- Social Dilemmas -- Climate Warming Is an Asymmetric Dilemma -- There Are Many Stakeholders in the Dilemma -- Is Climate Warming Still a Blind Environmental Dilemma? -- Temporal Aspects of Climate Warming -- Implications of the Structural Complexity: Institutions Are Necessary -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Towards a Psychology of Climate Change -- Introduction -- Understanding Climate Change: Human Difficulties with Complexity -- Forming Individual Knowledge. , Emotional Responses to Climate Change and Their Role in Motivating Behaviour -- The Perception of Individual Risk Related to Climate Change -- Motivation of Behaviour: The Multi-determination of Behaviour -- Evaluation of Behavioural Outcomes -- Direct Versus Mediated Experiences of Climate Change -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Worldviews and Climate Change: Harnessing Universal Motivators to Enable an Effective Response -- Introduction -- Paper -- Embracing ``Historical Obligation´´ -- Reframing Climate Change from Private to Public Interest -- Finding ``Flow´´ -- Collective ``Flow´´ -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Economic Aspects of Climate Change -- Chapter 13: Analysis of Green Investment Scheme for Energy Efficiency Measures in Latvia -- Introduction -- International Emissions Trading -- Green Investment Schemes -- Climate Change Financial Instrument -- Existing Situation of Energy Efficiency in Buildings -- State-Owned Buildings -- Municipal Buildings -- Residential Buildings -- Implementation of the Climate Change Financial Instrument in the Building Sector -- State and Municipal Buildings -- Residential Buildings -- Discussions -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Carbon Credit Currency for the Future -- Introduction -- Regulatory Mechanism: Kyoto Protocol -- Carbon Market -- Introduction to Carbon Credits -- Need for Carbon Credits -- Clean Development Mechanism -- Joint Implementation -- Emissions Trading -- Market Structure -- Allowance-Based Markets -- EU ETS -- New South Wales -- Chicago Climate Exchange -- Project-Based Markets -- Market Classifications -- European Climate Exchange -- What Are Futures? -- The Role of Markets -- Where Do They Develop? -- What Does Trading Derivatives Involve? -- ECX Derivatives -- Twofold Role of Derivatives -- Derivatives and the EU ETS -- Chicago Climate Exchange. , Trading on the Exchange -- Future of the Carbon Market -- Voluntary Market: Gaining Momentum -- Beyond the Carbon Market -- Is There a Post-2012 Market? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Climate Change and Agricultural Production in Vietnam -- Introduction -- Methodology and Data -- The Trend of Climate Change -- Air Temperature -- Absolute Minimum Temperature -- Sunshine Duration -- Rainfall -- Storms in Vietnam -- The Impact of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise on Agriculture -- The Impact of Climate Change -- The Impact of Sea Level Rise -- Red River Delta -- Mekong River Delta -- Central Coastal Provinces -- Adaptation Strategies for the Agricultural Sector -- For Agriculture -- For Forestry -- For Water Resources -- For Aquaculture -- Some Responses to the Impacts of Climate Change on Future Agriculture -- Response to Climate Change by 2050 -- Mountain and Midland (Region I) -- Red River Delta (Region II) -- Coastal Northern Centre (Region III) -- Coastal Southern Centre (Region IV) -- Central Highlands (Region V) -- Northeast South and Mekong River Delta (Region VI, VII) -- Response to Climate Change After 2050 -- Mountain and Midland (Region I) -- Red River Delta (Region II) -- Coastal Centre (Region III, IV) -- Central Highlands (Region V) -- Northeast South and Mekong River Delta (Region VI, VII) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Climate Change and Economic Uncertainty in the Wine Sector: A Case Study of the Maule Region, Chile -- Introduction -- Vulnerability Approach: Conceptual Model of Vulnerability -- Analytical Framework -- Case Study: Maule Region -- Methods -- Results -- Exposure-Sensitivities -- Current Opportunities and Adaptive Strategies -- Current Risks and Adaptive Strategies -- Future Exposure-Sensitivities -- Future Adaptive Capacity -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 17: Critical Parameters for Mass-Cargo Affine Industries Due to Climate Change in Germany: Impacts of Low Water Events on Industry and Possible Adaptation Measures.

Note: Intro -- Experiences of Climate Change Adaptationin Africa -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Links Between Capacity and Action in Response to Global Climate Change: A Climate Response Shift at the Local Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capacity and the Climate Change Problem -- Adaptive and Mitigative Capacity -- Response Capacity -- Translating Capacity into Action -- Risk Perception and Varying Responses to Climate Change -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 2 Key Themes of Local Adaptation to Climate Change: Results from Mapping Community-Based Initiatives in Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Conceptual Framework -- Research Results -- Key Themes of Social Resilience -- Key Themes of Economic Resilience -- Critical Success Factors -- Box 1: Some Examples of Community Involvement, Critical Success Factors and Transferability of African CBA Projects -- Discussion -- Some current limitations to successful adaptation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Potential Climate Change Impacts on Direct Economic Values From Wildlife in the Kilombero Ramsar Site, Tanzania -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection and Analysis -- Results -- Rainfall Pattern and Probability -- Wildlife Hunting Licenses and Outtakes in the North Kilombero Hunting Block -- Direct Economic Value of Wildlife -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Improving the Participation of Agro-Pastoralists in Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy Formulation: A Case Study from Keiyo District, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of the Study Area -- Research Approach -- Results and Discussion -- Local Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction. , Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in CCA and DRR Policy Processes -- Challenges to Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in Policy Processes -- Opportunities for Enhancing Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in Policy Processes -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Climate Change Adaptation and Enhancing Food Security in Nandi and Keiyo Districts, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Keiyo District -- Nandi District -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Household Demographics and Livelihood Activities -- Common Shocks Affecting Household Food Security Status -- Household Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security Risk Reduction -- Reliability and Opportunities for Integrating IKS in CCA and Food Security -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Climate Change and the Emergence of Helter-Skelter Livelihoods Among the Pastoralists of Samburu East District, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussions -- Drought and the Pastoralist -- Conflicts Across Ethnic and International Borders, and with Wildlife -- The Aftermath of Floods -- Family and Community Instability -- Facing up to Climate Change: Adapting and Coping -- Tapping into the Resiliency of the Camel -- Turning to Agro-Pastoral Practices -- Livestock Mobility and Micro-Business Ventures -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Carbon Changes Following the Establishment of Exclosure on Communal Grazing Lands in the Semi-Arid Lowlands of Tigray, Ethiopia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Experimental Design -- Soil Sampling, Analyses and Carbon Stock Calculation -- Vegetation Inventory, Above-Ground Biomass and Carbon Estimation -- Statistical Analyses -- Results. , Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Exclosures and Adjacent Communal Grazing Lands -- Soil, Vegetation and Climatic Variables Explaining Ecosystem Carbon Stocks -- Ecosystem Carbon Stocks and Site Characteristics in Church Forests -- Discussion -- Comparability of Exclosures and the Adjacent Grazing Lands -- Variation of Soil and Above-Ground Carbon Stocks on Communal Grazing Lands -- Changes in Ecosystem Carbon Stock in Relation to Exclosure Age -- Potential of Exclosures to be Considered as a Clean Development Mechanism Project -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Coastal Forest Buffer Zones and Shoreline Change in Zanzibar, Tanzania: Practical Measures for Climate Adaptation? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Zanzibar -- Project Background, Methods and Research Area -- Coastal Erosion and Environmental Change -- Physical Changes Over the Last 50 Years -- Physical Impacts of Sea Level Rise -- Current Pressures and Local Perceptions -- Coastal Forest Buffer Zones: Planning and Issues -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Conflicting Policies: Institutional Approaches Towards Decentralisation and Promoting Climate Change Resilience in Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Methods -- Study Country -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Decentralisation of the Forest Sector -- Equity, Sustainability, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change -- Anthropogenic Impacts Contributing to Climate Change in Kenya -- Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya -- Impact on Development and the Economy -- Extreme Events and Natural Disasters -- Initiatives in Protected Areas and Curbing Climate Change -- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- 10 Climate Shocks, Perceptions and Coping Options in Semi-Arid Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Climate Change Perceptions. , Climate Shocks and Outcomes -- Coping Options and Knowledge of Climatic and Agricultural Information -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Drought Monitoring in Food-Insecure Areas of Ethiopia by Using Satellite Technologies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- An Overview of Drought Monitoring and Modelling -- Drought Object Modelling -- Materials and Methods -- Theoretical Framework -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Materials -- GIS Data Processing and Preliminary Results -- Relationships Between Precipitation and NDVI -- NDVI and Deviation of NDVI for Spatially Locating Drought -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 A Swot Analysis of Mitigation of Climate Change Through REDD -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Strengths of REDD -- REDD Can Serve as a Source of Funds for Sustainable Forest Management -- Ecological Benefits of REDD -- REDD Can Contribute to Poverty Alleviation -- Weaknesses of REDD -- Ecological Versus Economic Rate of Operation -- Spatial and Sectoral Leakages -- Unintended Positive Effects of REDD -- Insufficiency, Unreliability and Complications of REDD Funding -- Tendency to Justify REDD on the Basis of the Lower end of its Costs -- Opportunities for REDD -- Willingness of Developing and Developed Countries to Participate in REDD -- Learning from Similar Past Initiatives -- Threats to REDD -- Poor Governance -- Political Instability and War -- Loss of Interest in REDD by the International Community -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Environmental Mainstreaming in Development Policy and Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study from Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Development Planning Framework -- The District-Focus Planning Framework -- The National Economic and Social Council-led Planning Framework -- Environmental Planning Framework. , Kenya's Environmental Mainstreaming Strategies -- Normative Strategies: Political Commitment and Strategic Vision -- Organisational Strategies: Institutional Arrangements and Practices -- Procedural Strategies: Assessment and Consultation -- Use of Policy Instruments for Environmental Mainstreaming -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Net Primary Productivity Response to Climate Change in the Mount Kenya Ecosystem -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- CASA Model -- Data Used -- General Circulation Model Downscaling -- Results and Discussions -- GCM Downscaling and Validation -- Climatic Scalar Variability -- Estimated CASA Model NPP -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change by Developing Promising Strategies Using Analogue Locations in Eastern and Southern Africa: Introducing the Calesa Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Scope of the Project and Methodology -- Stakeholders and Expected Outputs -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 The Unitar Climate Change Programme: Innovative Adaptation Initiatives in Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Current and Recent Activities -- Outputs of ACCCA -- Conclusions -- References -- Home Pages, Videos and Resources -- 17 A Grassroots Initiative to Disseminate Solar Energy Technologies in Ethiopia: Implications to Climate Change Education -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem and Rationale -- Rationale Behind the Grassroots Initiative -- Background to the Grassroots Initiative -- Methodology -- Selection of Participating Schools -- Textbooks' Review -- Field Survey -- Results -- Integration of Issues Related to Energy and Environment -- Impacts of the Handbook -- Dissemination of Solar Home Systems -- Solar Cookers and Driers -- Sings of Sustainability -- Discussion -- Conclusion and Implication -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 18 Integrating Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Systems for Climate Change Adaptation in Zambia.

Note: Intro -- Climate Change Governance -- Contents -- 1 Climate Change Governance: The Challenge for Politics and Public Administration, Enterprises and Civil Society -- Introduction -- Reference -- Part ITheoretical and Conceptual Framingof Climate Change Governance -- 2 Conceptualising Climate Change Governance -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Specific Demands for Climate Change Governance -- 3…Understanding of Governance -- 4…Climate Change Governance -- 4.1 Cross-Boundary, Multi-Level and Multi-Sector Requirements -- 4.2 Multi-Agency Setting -- 4.3 Long-Term Challenges and Uncertainty -- 4.4 Attributes of Climate Change Governance -- 5…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Governance of Wicked Climate Adaptation Problems -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Complicating Characteristics of the Climate Adaptation Problem -- 2.1 A Context of Fragmentation -- 2.2 The Lack of a Well-Structured Policy Domain -- 2.3 Inherent Uncertainty in a Knowledge-Intensive Domain -- 3…Useful Theories for Addressing Wicked Climate Adaptation Problems -- 3.1 Theories About Reflexivity -- 3.2 Theories About Resilience -- 3.3 Theories About Responsiveness -- 3.4 Theories About Revitalisation -- 4…The Value of Theoretical Multiplicity -- 4.1 Reflective Conclusions -- References -- 4 Normative Principles for Adaptation to Climate Change Policy Design and Governance -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Arguments for Normative Principles and Criteria -- 3…A Methodological Approach to the Design of Adaptation to Climate Change Policy -- 4…Consequences of Climate Change Impacts in Latvia and Data Providers -- 5…Risk Minimisation and Polluter Pays Principles as a Basis for Decision-Making Criteria -- 6…Recommendations -- References -- 5 Multi-Level Climate Governance: Strategic Selectivities in International Politics -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction. , 2…From Multilateralism to Re-Nationalisation -- 2.1 The BRIC States -- 2.2 The Financial Market Crisis -- 2.3 The Position of the USA -- 3…Flexibility in Global Competition -- 4…Climate Policy in the Shadow of Energy Security -- 5…Climate Change, Nature and Society -- 6…Neo-Liberalism and Climate Change -- 7…Multi-Level and Meta-Governance -- 8…Conclusions -- References -- 6 Cities and Governance: Coming to Terms with Climate Challenges -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Mapping Climate Change Risks in Cities: Core Risks and Urban Vulnerabilities -- 2.1 Urban Vulnerabilities Associated with Climate Change---Categorizing Risks -- 2.1.1 Assessing Urban Vulnerabilities Associated with Climate Change: Category One---Alterations in Temperature -- 2.1.2 Assessing Urban Vulnerabilities Associated with Climate Change: Category Two---Alterations in Precipitation -- 2.1.3 Assessing Urban Vulnerabilities Associated with Climate Change: Category Three---Alterations in Storm Frequency and Intensity -- 2.1.4 Assessing Urban Vulnerabilities Associated with Climate Change: Category Four---Sea Level Change -- 2.2 Mapping Cities and Climate Change -- 2.2.1 Cities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 2.2.2 City Mitigation Strategies on Climate Change -- 2.2.3 City Adaptation Strategies on Climate Change -- 3…Using Indicators to Assess and Address Deeper and Enduring Risks and Long-Term Vulnerabilities in Cities -- 4…Cities at Risk: Emerging Approaches to Safer Cities -- 4.1 From Indicators to Governance---Evidence-Based Policy Formulation -- 4.2 The Role of City Indicators on Climate Change for Effective Planning and Management -- 4.3 Addressing Risk and Vulnerability in Cities Through a More Empowered, Cohesive, and Inclusive Governance -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 7 Local Climate Governance and the Role of Cooperatives -- Abstract -- 1…Local Climate Governance. , 2…Cooperatives as Local Actors -- 3…Local Climate Governance and Cooperatives -- 4…The Möckernkiez Initiative -- 5…Empirical Flaws -- 6…Conclusion: The Potential Roles of Cooperatives in a Climate-friendly Society -- References -- 8 Forecasting the Adoption of Emerging Energy Technologies: Managing Climate Change, Governance and Evolving Social Values -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Literature Review -- 2.1 Technology Assessment and Governance -- 2.2 Forecasting Technology Diffusion and Adoption -- 2.3 Case Analysis: Climate Change and Electric Power Generation -- 3…Conceptual Process -- 3.1 Identification of Factors and Relationships in Multiple Perspectives -- 3.2 Identification of Alternative and Complementary Technologies -- 3.3 Model Building, Scenario Development, Validation -- 3.4 Policy Recommendations -- 4…Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part IICase Studies I: Policy-Relatedand Governmental Approaches -- 9 Climate Change Issues and Malaysian Initiatives -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…National Policy on Climate Change -- 3…Implementation of Malaysian Climate Change Initiatives:Some of Which are Lacking -- 4…What Should Malaysia Do? -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 10 Climate Change and the Role of Spatial Planning in England -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…The UK Climate Policy Context -- 3…The English Planning System -- 3.1 Planning Interventions -- 3.2 Planning Tools and Resources -- 4…The Role of Spatial Planning in Climate Change -- 4.1 Planning and Renewable Energy Supply -- 4.1.1 Large-Scale Renewable Energy Supply -- 4.1.2 Small-Scale Renewable Energy Supply -- 4.2 Planning and Efficiency in Energy Demand -- 4.2.1 Reducing Car Travel -- 4.2.2 Increasing Energy Efficiency of the Built Environment -- 5…Planning and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 5.1 Flood Risks -- 5.2 Heat Waves -- 6…Concluding Remarks. , Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 The Need for Adaptive Water Governance: Lessons from Canada and Chile -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…The Threat of Climate Change and Water Supply -- 3…The Need for a New Institutional Approach -- 4…Conclusion -- References -- 12 Climate Change Adaptation: Institutional Approaches for Developing Countries -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 1.1 What is Adaptation? -- 1.2 Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability -- 2…Challenges of Developing Countries -- 2.1 Dependence on Natural Resources -- 2.2 Poverty -- 2.3 Weak Technical and Organisational Capacity -- 2.4 Socio-Cultural Constraints -- 3…Institutions and Adaptations -- 3.1 What are Institutions? -- 3.2 Relationship Between Institutions and Adaptation -- 4…Responsible Institutional Approaches -- 4.1 National-Level Policy Formulation and Legislation -- 4.2 Local-Level Action: Introduction of the Third Cropping Season -- 4.3 Citizen (Community) Participation -- 4.4 International Cooperation -- 5…Conclusion -- 13 Climate Adaptive Planning for Preventing Heat-Related Health Impacts in New York City -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Climate Adaptation Planning: Some Frameworks and Principles -- 3…New York City's Programs for Excessive Heat Events -- 3.1 Emergency Planning: Cooling Centers and Media Outreach -- 3.2 Surveillance and Research -- 3.3 Adaptive Strategies to Prevent Heat-Related Mortality Among Vulnerable Populations -- 4…New York City's Climate Change Adaptation Task Force -- 5…PlaNYC and Other Climate Adaptive Initiatives -- 6…Discussion and Recommendations -- 6.1 Public Health Objectives into Climate Adaptation Planning in New York City -- 6.2 Arguments for Greater Inclusion in the Climate Planning Process -- 7…Theoretical Considerations: The Practice and Function of Inclusion in Public Planning. , 8…Social Justice in the City: In Support of the Deliberative Democratic Model -- 9…Conclusion for Adaptation Planning in New York City -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Governance Tools for Local Energy Autonomy -- Abstract -- 1…Context -- 2…The 100 % Renewable Energy Governance Tool Kit -- 2.1 Regulation, Legislation and Standards -- 2.2 Carrots and Sticks -- 2.3 From Information to Knowledge Networks -- 2.4 Community Assets: From Public to Cooperative Ownership and Operation -- 2.5 New Plans and Planning Skills -- 2.6 Augmenting Energy Autonomy with Ecological Regeneration -- 3…Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Case Sources Reference Websites -- 15 Climate Change, Sustainability and Urban Policy: Examining the Validity and Function of Best Practices -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction: The Rise of International Best Practices -- 2…The Validity of Best Practices -- 3…The Function of Best Practices -- 3.1 Evidence from Four Case Study Cities -- 4…Conclusions: The Need for a Reappraisal of Best Practice -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIICase Studies II: Business-Relatedand Technical Approaches -- 16 A Decision Support Approach Fostering Technology Transfer Towards Sustainable Energy Development in Kenya -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Kenya's Context -- 2.1 Economic Development -- 2.2 Energy Sector -- 2.3 Climate Change Efforts -- 2.4 Sustainable Development Efforts -- 3…Methodological Procedure Adopted -- 4…Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Energy Service Needs and Priorities -- 4.2 Technology Appropriateness and Suitability -- 4.3 Sustainability Benefits Identified by Stakeholders -- 4.4 Procedure Insights -- 5…Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 17 Climate Change Governance and the Triple Bottom Line Model of Reporting: Delivering Accountability -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction. , 2…Business Responses to and Management of Climate Change.