Note: Front Cover -- Sporopollenin -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- CHAPTER 1. SPOROPOLLENIN IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT -- Introduction -- The Sporopollenin Concept -- Sporopollenin Sculpturing: Adaptive Roles -- Spore Wall Patterning: Morphogenesis -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 2. THE ROLE PLAYED BY SPOROPOLLENIN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN IN PINUS BANKSIANA -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Observations -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGICAL AND FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPICAL INVESTIGATION ON SPOROPOLLENIN FORMATION AT PINUS SYLYESTRIS AND GASTERIA VERRUCOSA -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Morphological development of Pinus sylvestris pollen -- Pollen wall fluorescence -- The megaspore wall -- Literature -- CHAPTER 4. PRIMULINE INDUCED FLUORESCENCE OF THE FIRST EXINE ELEMENTS AND UBISCH BODIES IN IPOMOEA AND LILIUM -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Observations -- Lilium -- Ubisch bodies -- Discussion -- References -- Explanation of the figures -- CHAPTER 5. ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF POLLEN WALL DEVELOPMENT IN THE EPACRIDACEAE -- Introduction -- RESULTS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- CHAPTER 6. IMPLICATIONS ON THE NATURE OF SPOROPOLLENIN BASED UPON POLLEN DEVELOPMENT -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The microspore as a free cell surface -- The exine surface -- Transfer of material across the exine -- Exine dissolution during development and germination -- General discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 7. PRODUCTION OF SPOROPOLLENIN BY THE TAPETUM -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Development of the anther -- The Tapetum -- Development of the Amoeboid or Periplasmodial Tapetum -- Development of the Secretory Tapetum -- Development of Ubisch Bodies -- Function of Ubisch Bodies. , Tapetal Membranes -- Pollenkitt Formation -- Tryphine Formation -- Contribution by the Tapetum to the Pollen Grain Wall -- Control of Sporopollenin Deposition -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 8. NOTES ON THE RESISTANCE AND STRATIFICATION OF THE EXINE -- Abstract -- Resistance to decay -- Corrosion possibly due to microbial activities -- Radial perforations and/or channels in the exine of mature pollen grains -- Interbedded Zones" (Larson 1966) -- References -- CHAPTER 9. THE PRESERVATION OF SPOROPOLLENIN MEMBRANES UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 10. A PALAEOBIOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF SPOROPOLLENIN -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Spores, Living and Fossil -- The distinction between spores and pollen -- The recognition of sporopollenin in fossils -- The resolution of different types of fossil spore wall material by density gradient centrifugation -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 11. ASPECTS OF SPORIN -- Abstract -- Introduction -- References -- CHAPTER 12. THE CHEMISTRY OF SPOROPOLLENIN -- Abstract -- Contents -- Introduction -- Early Experiments with Sporopollenin -- Later Chemistry -- Biochemistry of Sporopollenin Production in Lilium Henryii -- Radiochemical Studies -- Post-tetrad Ontogeny of Sporopollenin Derived from Pollen Grains of Lilium Henryii -- References -- CHAPTER 13. SOME CHEMICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SPOROPOLLENIN -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Application of Sporopollenin Studies to Phytochemistry -- Fossil Sporopollenin -- Recent Studies on Fossil Walls -- Stable Carbon Isotope Studies on Tasmanites Fossil Walls -- Occurrence of Fossil Spore Concentrates in sediments -- Thermal Alteration of Sporopollenin -- Examination of the Soluble Products from Thermally degraded Spropollenin -- Preservation of Organic Matter in Sediments -- Occurrence of Organic Matter in Pre-cambrian Sediments. , The presence of fossil micro-organisms in sedimentary rocks -- Some studies on the Onverwacht Chert -- Stable carbon isotope studies on the Onverwacht insoluble organic matter -- Pre-cambrian Paleochemistry and Evolution -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 14. DEMONSTRATION OF SURFACE FREE RADICALS ON SPORE COATS BY ESR TECHNIQUES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 15. APPLICATION OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPY TO THE STUDY OF SPOROPOLLENIN -- Abstract -- References -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER 16. A Scanning electron microscope study of exine structure -- Montinia caryophyllacea -- Acknowledgements -- Key to plates -- Bibliography -- Summary -- Introduction -- Results -- Corrosion phenomena -- Some general remarks and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 17. MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF SPOROPOLLENIN -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Degradation Scars -- Identity of Causative Organisms -- Other Bacteria -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 18. LIPID COMPONENTS IN FRESH AND FOSSIL POLLEN AND SPORES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- CHAPTER 19. THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SPORINITE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RELATIONSHIPS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPORINITE -- MORPHOLOGY OF SPORINITE -- PROPERTIES OF SPORINITE -- RESISTANCE OF SPORINITE IN THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. DIAGENESIS OF SPOROPOLLENIN AND OTHER COMPARABLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATION TO HYDROCARBON RESEARCH -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Organic matter observed under the microscope -- Evolution during sedimentation -- Diagenetic evolution -- Method of study. , Diagenetic alteration factors affecting preservation -- Burial -- Temperature -- Age -- Lithology -- Diagenetic behaviour of the various organic elements studied -- Electron microprobe study of the observed diagenetic evolution -- Quantitative evolution of sporopollenin and other organic matter in the course of geological time - comparison with coals, petroleum and organic carbon -- Relationships between the diagenetic evolution of the organic matter and the transformation of organic matter into hydrocarbons -- Relationship between the diagenetic state of sporopollenin and other organic elements and the presence of hydrocarbons -- Relationships between the different types of organic matter and the nature of the hydrocarbons formed -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- PLATE I -- PLATE II -- PLATE III -- CHAPTER 21. THERMAL DEGRADATION OF SPOROPOLLENIN AND GENESIS OF HYDROCARBONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EFFECTS OF THERMAL DECAY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22. Contact between the Spore Cytoplasm and the growing Sporoderm of the Selaginella Megaspore -- Abstract -- CHAPTER 23. REVIEW OF THE UV-FLUORESCENCE MICROPHOTOMETRY OF FRESH AND FOSSIL EXINES AND EXOSPORIA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS OF FLUORESCENCE MICROPHOTOMETRY -- INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS OF FLUORESCENCE DETERMINATIONS -- FLUOEESCMCE A M GEOLOGICAL AGE OF PALTOMORPHS -- FLUORESCENCE AND COALIFICATION OF PALYNOMORPHS -- FLUORESCENCE AND CORROSION OF PALYNOMORPHS -- FLUORESCENCE AND CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF FRESH SPORES -- FLUORESCENCE AND POLLEN DEVELOPMENT -- DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SUMMARY AND GENERAL DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.