Note: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Series Editor Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Outlines -- 1 Introduction to Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey -- Abstract -- 2 The Physical Geography of Turkey: An Outline -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction to Physical Geography of Turkey -- 2.1.1 Relief -- 2.1.2 Climate -- 2.1.3 Hydrography -- 2.1.4 Phytogeography -- 2.1.4.1 The Treeless Landscape of Anatolia: What Role for Human Deforestation? -- 2.1.4.2 A High Botanic Diversity and Amount of Endemic Species -- References -- 3 The Tectonic Control on the Geomorphological Landscapes of Turkey -- Abstract -- 3.1 Tectonic History and Resulting Tectonic Regions -- 3.1.1 Palaeozoic -- 3.1.2 Mesozoic and Palaeogene -- 3.1.3 Neogene and Quaternary: The Neotectonic Control -- 3.1.4 Five Tectonic Provinces of Turkey -- 3.2 Tectonically Controlled Geomorphological Landscapes -- 3.2.1 Geomorphological Landscapes Responding to Uplift -- 3.2.1.1 Remains of Palaeozoic and Pre-Miocene Reliefs -- 3.2.1.2 Impact of the Mio-Pliocene Climate -- 3.2.1.3 Impact of Mio-Pliocene Uplift on Karstic Processes -- 3.2.1.4 Geomorphological Impact of Mio-Pliocene Volcanism on the Denudational Surfaces -- 3.2.1.5 During Pliocene and Quaternary -- 3.2.2 Antecedent and Superimposed River Courses -- 3.2.3 Uplift and Control on Karstic Landscapes -- 3.3 Geomorphological Landscapes Directed by Tectonic Networks -- 3.3.1 Depressions and Lakes Along the North and East Anatolian Fault Zones -- 3.3.1.1 The NAFZ and EAFZ: Active Fault Zones -- 3.3.1.2 Structural Intramontane Basins Along the NAFZ and the EAFZ -- 3.3.2 River Paths, Captures and Mobility of Water Divides -- 3.3.2.1 Changes in Base Levels and Headward Erosion -- 3.3.2.2 River Network in Young Tectonic Context -- 3.3.2.3 Fault-Controlled River Paths -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References. , 4 The Geomorphological Regions of Turkey -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Northern Anatolia (Black Sea Region) -- 4.2.1 Physical Geographic Context -- 4.2.1.1 Relief -- 4.2.1.2 Climate -- 4.2.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.2.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.2.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.2.2.1 The Western Black Sea Region -- 4.2.2.2 The Central Black Sea Region -- 4.2.2.3 The Eastern Black Sea Region -- 4.3 Western Anatolia (Aegean Region) -- 4.3.1 Geographic Context -- 4.3.1.1 Relief -- 4.3.1.2 Climate -- 4.3.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.3.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.3.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.3.2.1 North of the Dardanelles -- 4.3.2.2 The Sea of Marmara and the Straits -- 4.3.2.3 The Biga Peninsula -- 4.3.2.4 Peninsulas Along the Western Anatolia -- 4.3.3 Granitic Landscapes -- 4.3.4 Volcanic Landscapes -- 4.3.5 E-W Fragmentation of the Regional Landscapes by Grabens -- 4.4 Mediterranean Anatolia -- 4.4.1 Geographic Context -- 4.4.1.1 Relief -- The Western and Central Taurus -- Coastal Plains -- 4.4.1.2 Climate -- 4.4.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.4.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.4.2 Geomorphological Landscapes in the Mediterranean Anatolian Region -- 4.4.2.1 Structural Context -- 4.4.2.2 The Taurus Range -- The Teke Peninsula and the Western Taurus -- The Isparta Angle -- The Antalya Plain -- The Central Taurus -- 4.4.2.3 Landscapes in the Areas Surrounding the Eastern End of the Mediterranean Sea -- The Çukurova Plain and Delta -- The Hatay Region -- The Meeting of the Dead Sea with the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zones -- 4.5 The Central Anatolia -- 4.5.1 Geographic Context -- 4.5.1.1 Relief -- 4.5.1.2 Climate -- 4.5.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.5.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.5.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.5.2.1 Plateau Uplift and Geological Evolution -- 4.5.2.2 Summit Surfaces and Correlative Sediments in the Northern Part of Anatolia Record Several Erosion Phases. , 4.5.2.3 The Transition Plateaus in Direction of the Northern Aegean Region and the Lake District -- 4.5.2.4 The Central to Southern Parts: Plateaus Hollowed by Wide Closed Plains -- 4.5.2.5 Karstic Landforms and Landscapes -- 4.5.2.6 Volcanic Landforms and Landscapes -- 4.5.2.7 The End of the Endorheism -- 4.5.3 A Land Concentrating Exceptional Civilization Histories -- 4.5.3.1 The Cradle of Anatolian Neolithic -- 4.5.3.2 Anatolian Civilizations -- Cappadocia, the Heart of Hittite and Phrygian States -- 4.6 Eastern Anatolia -- 4.6.1 Geographic Context -- 4.6.1.1 Relief -- 4.6.1.2 Climate -- 4.6.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.6.1.4 The Anatolian Diagonal -- 4.6.1.5 Hydrography -- The Euphrates River, the Largest River of the Eastern Anatolian Region -- The Headwaters of the Aras River -- The Headwaters of the Seyhan and Ceyhan Rivers -- 4.6.2 Geological Context -- 4.6.2.1 Geological Context Since the Late Miocene Uplift -- 4.6.2.2 The Domal Structure Below the Eastern Anatolian Plateau -- 4.6.2.3 Volcanism in Eastern Anatolia Since the Late Miocene -- 4.6.2.4 Obsidians in Eastern Anatolia: The Prehistoric Sites of Near Middle East -- 4.6.3 Geomorphological Landscapes of the Eastern Anatolian Region -- 4.6.3.1 Important Control of Recent Tectonics on the Organization of the Relief -- Tectonically Controlled Flat Plains Stretching in the Highlands -- Antecedence of the Main Rivers and the Record of an Old Fluvial Network -- Grid Patterns of the Hydrographic Network on the Local and Regional Scales -- Frequent Occurrence of Captures of Rivers and Closed Basins -- 4.6.3.2 Geomorphological Landscapes Associated with Volcanism -- Volcanoes on the North and East of Lake Van -- Eastern Anatolian Volcanism Today -- 4.6.3.3 Karstic Landscapes -- The Gypsum Karst Landscapes in Sivas Region -- Karstic Landscapes in the Highlands and Closed Basins. , 4.6.3.4 Glacial Landscapes at High Altitudes -- 4.7 South-eastern Anatolia -- 4.7.1 Geographic Context -- 4.7.1.1 Relief -- 4.7.1.2 Climate -- 4.7.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.7.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.7.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.7.2.1 Landscapes in the Plateaus -- Stratigraphy -- Landscape Evolution in the Plateaus -- Landscapes in the Plateaus, Recording Impacts of Pleistocene Uplift -- The Tectonic Plains Scattered Along the Turkish-Syrian Border -- 4.7.2.2 Volcanic Landscapes and Landforms -- Volcanic Landscapes in the West -- The Karacadağ Volcano -- 4.7.2.3 Karstic Landscapes -- Laterally Developed Karst -- Gypsum Karst -- Jura-Type Landscapes in Folded Highlands -- 4.7.2.4 Human Occupation Since Palaeolithic -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Karst -- 5 Karstic Landscapes and Landforms in Turkey -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Outline of the Karst Geomorphology of Turkey -- 5.2.1 Taurus Mountains Karst Region (TMK) -- 5.2.1.1 Central Taurus Mountains Karst Area (TMKc) -- 5.2.1.2 Western Taurus Mountains Karst Area (TMKw) -- 5.2.2 Western Anatolian Karst Region (WAK) -- 5.2.3 Thrace and the Black Sea Mountains Karst Region (BMK) -- 5.2.3.1 Thrace Karst Area (BMKt) -- 5.2.3.2 Western Black Sea Mountains Karst Area (BMKw) -- 5.2.3.3 Central Black Sea Mountains Karst Area (BMKm) -- 5.2.3.4 Eastern Black Sea Mountains Karst Area (BMKe) -- 5.2.4 Central Anatolian Karst Region (CAK) -- 5.2.4.1 Greater Konya Basin Karst Area (CAKo) -- 5.2.4.2 Upper Kızılırmak Basin Karst Area (CAKk) -- 5.2.4.3 Upper Sakarya and Central Kızılırmak Basin Karst Area (CAKsk) -- 5.2.5 Eastern Anatolian Karst Region (EAK) -- 5.2.5.1 Plateau Karst Area (EAKp) -- 5.2.5.2 Folded Zone Karst Area (EAKf) -- 5.2.6 Southeast Anatolian Karst Region (SEAK) -- 5.2.7 Central Anatolian Plateaus Zone -- 5.2.8 Development Stages of Karst Geomorphology -- 5.3 Conclusions. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Gypsum Karst Landscape in the Sivas Basin -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Geological Setting -- 6.3 Salt Tectonics -- 6.4 Karst Features -- 6.4.1 Karren -- 6.4.2 Dolines -- 6.4.2.1 Solution Dolines -- 6.4.2.2 Suffosion (Alluvial) Dolines -- 6.4.2.3 Collapse Dolines -- 6.4.3 Poljes -- 6.4.4 Caves -- 6.5 Natural Hazard in the Gypsum Terrain -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 The Antalya Tufas: Landscapes, Morphologies, Age, Formation Processes and Early Human Activities -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Antalya Tufa -- 7.1.2 Environmental, Biological and Physical Conditions of Tufa Formation -- 7.1.2.1 Tufa Deposition and Climate -- 7.1.2.2 Processes of Tufa Formation -- 7.1.3 Facies Types of Antalya Tufa -- 7.2 Geomorphology and Landscapes -- 7.2.1 Three Tufa Plateaus -- 7.2.2 Age of the Antalya Tufa and Formation of the Three Tufa Plateaus -- 7.2.3 Formation of the Three Tufa Plateaus and Origin of the Cliffs -- 7.2.4 Karstification Processes in the Tufa Plateaus -- 7.2.5 Impact of Human Activities on the Tufa Landscapes of the Antalya Plain -- 7.3 The Importance of the Antalya Plain for the Mediterranean and European Prehistory -- 7.3.1 Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.1 Lower Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.2 Middle Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.3 Upper Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.4 Epipalaeolithic -- 7.3.2 The Holocene Period (After 11.4 Ka Cal BP) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Pamukkale Travertines: A Natural and Cultural Monument in the World Heritage List -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Evolution of Travertine Deposits in Pamukkale -- 8.2.1 Terraced-Mound Travertines -- 8.2.2 Fissure-Ridge Travertines -- 8.2.3 Self-built Channel Travertines -- 8.3 Historical Background -- 8.4 Historical Buildings and Ancient Structures -- 8.4.1 Historical Buildings. , 8.4.2 Ancient Structures.