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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    India Is Overtaking China as the World’s Largest Emitter of Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2017
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2017-11-09)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2017-11-09)
    Abstract: Severe haze is a major public health concern in China and India. Both countries rely heavily on coal for energy, and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emitted from coal-fired power plants and industry is a major pollutant contributing to their air quality problems. Timely, accurate information on SO 2 sources is a required input to air quality models for pollution prediction and mitigation. However, such information has been difficult to obtain for these two countries, as fast-paced changes in economy and environmental regulations have often led to unforeseen emission changes. Here we use satellite observations to show that China and India are on opposite trajectories for sulfurous pollution. Since 2007, emissions in China have declined by 75% while those in India have increased by 50%. With these changes, India is now surpassing China as the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic SO 2 . This finding, not predicted by emission scenarios, suggests effective SO 2 control in China and lack thereof in India. Despite this, haze remains severe in China, indicating the importance of reducing emissions of other pollutants. In India, ~33 million people now live in areas with substantial SO 2 pollution. Continued growth in emissions will adversely affect more people and further exacerbate morbidity and mortality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14639-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 2
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    Changes of the lower stratospheric ozone over Europe and Canada
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D1 ( 1997-01-20), p. 1337-1347
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D1 ( 1997-01-20), p. 1337-1347
    Abstract: Ozonesonde measurements from Europe arid Canada for the period 1973–1994, stratified to the height of the tropopause, were analyzed to estimate regional changes in stratospheric ozone. The calculations were performed for 1‐km layers from the actual tropopause up to 30 km and within ±4 km around the tropopause. The long‐term changes in ozone partial pressure are very similar for both regions, and ozone anomalies show many common features. Negative deviations of 15–25 nbar (or 10–20%) are clearly seen in 1976 (at 12–20 km), 1983 (at 17–22 km), 1985 and 1988 (at 18–25 km), 1989 and 1990 (at 12–20 km), and 1992 and 1993 (at 12–23 km). In January‐April 1995, negative deviations of 15–25 nbar (at 12–23 km) were observed again over the two regions, Trend estimations demonstrate that the strongest decline, in units of ozone partial pressure, takes place at 17–20 km over Europe in January‐April and for Canadian stations from March through June. For the period 1973–1994 the decline over both regions is 10–13 nbar per decade (or 5–10% per decade) and is ∼1.5 times larger for the shorter time interval 1979–1994. The estimation of trends as a function of altitude from the actual tropopause level reduces the relative error in the 7 to 13‐km layer by more than one third, which permits better understanding of the ozone changes in these critical altitudes. Using stratified ozone data around the height of the tropopause, the negative stratospheric winter‐spring trends became significant (10–15 nbar per decade or 12–17% per decade) at only 1–2 km above the tropopause.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/96JD00095
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 3
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    Influence of volcanic sulfur dioxide on spectral UV irradiance as measured by Brewer Spectrophotometers
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 25, No. 10 ( 1998-05-15), p. 1665-1668
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 25, No. 10 ( 1998-05-15), p. 1665-1668
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/98GL51305
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 4
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    The relationship between solar UV irradiance and total ozone from observations over southern Argentina
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 22, No. 10 ( 1995-05-15), p. 1249-1252
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 22, No. 10 ( 1995-05-15), p. 1249-1252
    Abstract: Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation at 300 and 305 nm, measured by a Biospherical Instruments high resolution scanning spectroradiometer at Ushuaia, southern Argentina (55°S, 68°W), as a part of the US National Science Foundation Network for Polar Regions, was compared with total ozone satellite measurements. A statistical relationship between UV and total ozone was derived. On the basis of this relationship, the differences in 300 and 305 nm irradiance between 1979–1983 and 1989–1993 intervals are estimated; for October, the 15% observed decline of total ozone has led to irradiance increases of 80% at 300 nm and 35% at 305 nm. During the days with “ozone hole” conditions, the 300 nm irradiance is as high as it would be at the summer solstice three months later, and is ∼4 times higher than the UV irradiance corresponding to the “normal” ozone condition for early October, as further illustrated for October 1994. Inclusion of the 340 nm cloudy‐dependent predictor is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95GL01195
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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  • 5
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    Evaluation of Uncertainties in the Anthropogenic SO2 Emissions in the USA from the OMI Point Source Catalog
    American Chemical Society (ACS) ; 2023
    In:  Environmental Science & Technology Vol. 57, No. 30 ( 2023-08-01), p. 11134-11143
    Details
    In: Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), Vol. 57, No. 30 ( 2023-08-01), p. 11134-11143
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0013-936X , 1520-5851
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07056
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07056.s001
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 6
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    Detecting volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes in the Northern Hemisphere using the Brewer spectrophotometers, other networks, and satellite observations
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2017-01-11), p. 551-574
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2017-01-11), p. 551-574
    Abstract: Abstract. This study examines the adequacy of the existing Brewer network to supplement other networks from the ground and space to detect SO2 plumes of volcanic origin. It was found that large volcanic eruptions of the last decade in the Northern Hemisphere have a positive columnar SO2 signal seen by the Brewer instruments located under the plume. It is shown that a few days after the eruption the Brewer instrument is capable of detecting significant columnar SO2 increases, exceeding on average 2 DU relative to an unperturbed pre-volcanic 10-day baseline, with a mean close to 0 and σ = 0.46, as calculated from the 32 Brewer stations under study. Intercomparisons with independent measurements from the ground and space as well as theoretical calculations corroborate the capability of the Brewer network to detect volcanic plumes. For instance, the comparison with OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and GOME-2 (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2) SO2 space-borne retrievals shows statistically significant agreement between the Brewer network data and the collocated satellite overpasses in the case of the Kasatochi eruption. Unfortunately, due to sparsity of satellite data, the significant positive departures seen in the Brewer and other ground networks following the Eyjafjallajökull, Bárðarbunga and Nabro eruptions could not be statistically confirmed by the data from satellite overpasses. A model exercise from the MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) project shows that the large increases in SO2 over Europe following the Bárðarbunga eruption in Iceland were not caused by local pollution sources or ship emissions but were clearly linked to the volcanic eruption. Sulfur dioxide positive departures in Europe following Bárðarbunga could be traced by other networks from the free troposphere down to the surface (AirBase (European air quality database) and EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network)). We propose that by combining Brewer data with that from other networks and satellites, a useful tool aided by trajectory analyses and modelling could be created which can also be used to forecast high SO2 values both at ground level and in air flight corridors following future eruptions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-551-2017
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-551-2017-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 7
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    Continuation of long-term global SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 pollution monitoring from OMI to OMPS
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2017-04-20), p. 1495-1509
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2017-04-20), p. 1495-1509
    Abstract: Abstract. Over the past 20 years, advances in satellite remote sensing of pollution-relevant species have made space-borne observations an increasingly important part of atmospheric chemistry research and air quality management. This progress has been facilitated by advanced UV–vis spectrometers, such as the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite, and continues with new instruments, such as the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on board the NASA–NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. In this study, we demonstrate that it is possible, using our state-of-the-art principal component analysis (PCA) retrieval technique, to continue the long-term global SO2 pollution monitoring started by OMI with the current and future OMPS instruments that will fly on the NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) 1, 2, 3, and 4 satellites in addition to SNPP, with a very good consistency of retrievals from these instruments. Since OMI SO2 data have been primarily used for (1) providing regional context on air pollution and long-range transport on a daily basis and (2) providing information on point emission sources on an annual basis after data averaging, we focused on these two aspects in our OMI–OMPS comparisons. Four years of retrievals (2012–2015) have been compared for three regions: eastern China, Mexico, and South Africa. In general, the comparisons show relatively high correlations (r = 0. 79–0.96) of daily regional averaged SO2 mass between the two instruments and near-unity regression slopes (0.76–0.97). The annual averaged SO2 loading differences between OMI and OMPS are small (〈 0.03 Dobson unit (DU) over South Africa and up to 0.1 DU over eastern China). We also found a very good correlation (r = 0. 92–0.97) in the spatial distribution of annual averaged SO2 between OMI and OMPS over the three regions during 2012–2015. The emissions from ∼ 400 SO2 sources calculated with the two instruments also show a very good correlation (r = ∼ 0.9) in each year during 2012–2015. OMPS-detected SO2 point source emissions are slightly lower than those from OMI, but OMI–OMPS differences decrease with increasing strength of source. The OMI–OMPS SO2 mass differences on a pixel by pixel (daily) basis in each region can show substantial differences. The two instruments have a spatial correlation coefficient of 0.7 or better on 〈 ∼ 50 % of the days. It is worth noting that consistent SO2 retrievals were achieved without any explicit adjustments to OMI or OMPS radiance data and that the retrieval agreement may be further improved by introducing a more comprehensive Jacobian lookup table than is currently used.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-1495-2017
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-1495-2017-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 8
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    TROPOMI/S5P total ozone column data: global ground-based validation and consistency with other satellite missions
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2019-10-02), p. 5263-5287
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2019-10-02), p. 5263-5287
    Abstract: Abstract. In October 2017, the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission was launched, carrying the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which provides a daily global coverage at a spatial resolution as high as 7 km × 3.5 km and is expected to extend the European atmospheric composition record initiated with GOME/ERS-2 in 1995, enhancing our scientific knowledge of atmospheric processes with its unprecedented spatial resolution. Due to the ongoing need to understand and monitor the recovery of the ozone layer, as well as the evolution of tropospheric pollution, total ozone remains one of the leading species of interest during this mission. In this work, the TROPOMI near real time (NRTI) and offline (OFFL) total ozone column (TOC) products are presented and compared to daily ground-based quality-assured Brewer and Dobson TOC measurements deposited in the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC). Additional comparisons to individual Brewer measurements from the Canadian Brewer Network and the European Brewer Network (Eubrewnet) are performed. Furthermore, twilight zenith-sky measurements obtained with ZSL-DOAS (Zenith Scattered Light Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instruments, which form part of the SAOZ network (Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénitale), are used for the validation. The quality of the TROPOMI TOC data is evaluated in terms of the influence of location, solar zenith angle, viewing angle, season, effective temperature, surface albedo and clouds. For this purpose, globally distributed ground-based measurements have been utilized as the background truth. The overall statistical analysis of the global comparison shows that the mean bias and the mean standard deviation of the percentage difference between TROPOMI and ground-based TOC is within 0 –1.5 % and 2.5 %–4.5 %, respectively. The mean bias that results from the comparisons is well within the S5P product requirements, while the mean standard deviation is very close to those limits, especially considering that the statistics shown here originate both from the satellite and the ground-based measurements. Additionally, the TROPOMI OFFL and NRTI products are evaluated against already known spaceborne sensors, namely, the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite, on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (OMPS/Suomi-NPP), NASA v2 TOCs, and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2), on board the Metop-A (GOME-2/Metop-A) and Metop-B (GOME-2/Metop-B) satellites. This analysis shows a very good agreement for both TROPOMI products with well-established instruments, with the absolute differences in mean bias and mean standard deviation being below +0.7 % and 1 %, respectively. These results assure the scientific community of the good quality of the TROPOMI TOC products during its first year of operation and enhance the already prevalent expectation that TROPOMI/S5P will play a very significant role in the continuity of ozone monitoring from space.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-5263-2019
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-5263-2019-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 9
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    Carbon monoxide climatology derived from the trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS data
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 16, No. 15 ( 2016-08-12), p. 10263-10282
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 16, No. 15 ( 2016-08-12), p. 10263-10282
    Abstract: Abstract. A three-dimensional gridded climatology of carbon monoxide (CO) has been developed by trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS in situ measurements from commercial aircraft data. CO measurements made during aircraft ascent and descent, comprising nearly 41 200 profiles at 148 airports worldwide from December 2001 to December 2012, are used. Forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data in order to map the CO measurements to other locations and so to fill in the spatial domain. This domain-filling technique employs 15 800 000 calculated trajectories to map otherwise sparse MOZAIC-IAGOS data into a quasi-global field. The resulting trajectory-mapped CO data set is archived monthly from 2001 to 2012 on a grid of 5° longitude  ×  5° latitude  ×  1 km altitude, from the surface to 14 km altitude.The mapping product has been carefully evaluated, firstly by comparing maps constructed using only forward trajectories and using only backward trajectories. The two methods show similar global CO distribution patterns. The magnitude of their differences is most commonly 10 % or less and found to be less than 30 % for almost all cases. Secondly, the method has been validated by comparing profiles for individual airports with those produced by the mapping method when data from that site are excluded. While there are larger differences below 2 km, the two methods agree very well between 2 and 10 km with the magnitude of biases within 20 %. Finally, the mapping product is compared with global MOZAIC-IAGOS cruise-level data, which were not included in the trajectory-mapped data set, and with independent data from the NOAA aircraft flask sampling program. The trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO values show generally good agreement with both independent data sets.Maps are also compared with version 6 data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. Both data sets clearly show major regional CO sources such as biomass burning in Central and southern Africa and anthropogenic emissions in eastern China. While the maps show similar features and patterns, and relative biases are small in the lowermost troposphere, we find differences of  ∼  20 % in CO volume mixing ratios between 500 and 300 hPa. These upper-tropospheric biases are not related to the mapping procedure, as almost identical differences are found with the original in situ MOZAIC-IAGOS data. The total CO trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS column is also higher than the MOPITT CO total column by 12–16 %.The data set shows the seasonal CO cycle over different latitude bands and altitude ranges as well as long-term trends over different latitude bands. We observe a decline in CO over the northern hemispheric extratropics and the tropics consistent with that reported by previous studies using other data sources.We anticipate use of the trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO data set as an a priori climatology for satellite retrieval and for air quality model validation and initialization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-10263-2016
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-10263-2016-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 10
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    Sulfur dioxide (SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) vertical column density measurements by Pandora spectrometer over the Canadian oil sands
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2016-07-14), p. 2961-2976
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2016-07-14), p. 2961-2976
    Abstract: Abstract. Vertical column densities (VCDs) of SO2 retrieved by a Pandora spectral sun photometer at Fort McKay, Alberta, Canada, from 2013 to 2015 were analysed. The Fort McKay site is located in the Canadian oil sands region, approximately 20 km north of two major SO2 sources (upgraders), with total emission of about 45 kt yr−1. Elevated SO2 VCD values were frequently recorded by the instrument, with the highest values of about 9 Dobson Units (DU; DU  =  2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). Comparisons with co-located in situ measurements demonstrated that there was a very good correlation between VCDs and surface concentrations in some cases, while in other cases, elevated VCDs did not correspond to high surface concentrations, suggesting the plume was above the ground. Elevated VCDs and surface concentrations were observed when the wind direction was from south to southeast, i.e. from the direction of the two local SO2 sources. The precision of the SO2 measurements, estimated from parallel measurements by two Pandora instruments at Toronto, is 0.17 DU. The total uncertainty of Pandora SO2 VCD, estimated using measurements when the wind direction was away from the sources, is less than 0.26 DU (1σ). Comparisons with integrated SO2 profiles from concurrent aircraft measurements support these estimates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-2961-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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