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  • MDPI AG  (3)
  • English  (3)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    3-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2022-02-14), p. 381-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2022-02-14), p. 381-
    Abstract: Studies report beneficial effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) on the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, but the effects of 3-OHB on diabetic nephropathy have not been elucidated. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of 3-OHB against progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Mice (db/db) were fed normal chow, high-fat, or ketogenic diets (KD) containing precursors of 3-OHB. Hyperglycemia was determined based on random glucose level (≥250 mg/dL). Fasting blood glucose and body weights were measured once a week. Twenty four-hour urine albumin to creatinine ratio was determined 5 weeks after the differential diet. Energy expenditure was measured 9 weeks after the differential diet. Body weights were significantly lower in the KD group than those in other groups, but no significant differences in fasting blood glucose levels among three groups were observed. Urine albumin to creatinine ratio and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine ratio in the KD group were significantly lower than in other groups. Histologic and quantitative analysis of mesangial area suggested that KD delayed the progression of DN phenotype in db/db mice. Metabolic cage analysis also revealed that KD increased energy expenditure in db/db mice. In vitro studies with proximal tubular cells revealed that 3-OHB stimulated autophagic flux. 3-OHB increased LC3 I to LC3 II ratio, phosphorylation of AMPK, beclin, p62 degradation, and NRF2 expression. Moreover, we found that 3-OHB attenuated high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in proximal tubular cells. In vivo study also confirmed increased LC3 and decreased ROS levels in the kidney of KD mice. In summary, this study shows in both in vivo and in vitro models that 3-OHB delays the progression of DN by augmenting autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020381
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Medium Cut-Off Membrane Does Not Lower Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Toxins Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-11-10), p. 779-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-11-10), p. 779-
    Abstract: The accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUT) is associated with increased cardiovascular outcomes in patients on dialysis. However, the efficacy of PBUT removal for a medium-cutoff (MCO) membrane has not been clarified. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of PBUT clearance according to dialysis modalities. In this prospective and cross-over study, we enrolled 22 patients who received maintenance hemodiafiltration (HDF) thrice weekly from three dialysis centers. The dialysis removal of uremic toxins, including urea, beta 2-microglobulin (B2MG), lambda free light chain (λ-FLC), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), was measured in the 22 patients on high-flux HD (HF-HD), post-dilution online HDF (post-OL-HDF), and MCO-HD over 3 weeks. The average convection volume in post-OL-HDF was 21.4 ± 1.8 L per session. The reduction rate (RR) of B2MG was higher in post-OL-HDF than in MCO-HD and HF-HD. The RR of λ-FLC was the highest in MCO-HD, followed by post-OL-HDF and HF-HD. The dialysate albumin was highest in MCO-HD, followed by post-OL-HDF and HF-HD. Post-dialysis plasma levels of IS and pCS were not statistically different across dialysis modalities. The total solute removal and dialytic clearance of IS and pCS were not significantly different. The clearance of IS and pCS did not differ between the HF-HD, post-OL-HDF, and MCO-HD groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110779
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Correction: Kim et al. The Medium Cut-Off Membrane Does Not Lower Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins. Toxins 2022, 14, 779
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Toxins Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2023-01-11), p. 64-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2023-01-11), p. 64-
    Abstract: In the original publication [...]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010064
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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