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  • 1
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    Dynamic Reaction Phenomena during Electrochemical Reduction of CO to Hydrocarbons on Copper
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2017
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2017-01, No. 31 ( 2017-04-15), p. 1461-1461
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2017-01, No. 31 ( 2017-04-15), p. 1461-1461
    Abstract: We have recently developed a unique vacuum inlet system, which couples a mass spectrometer to an electrochemical experiment like a conventional DEMS/OLEMS system – but with an unprecedented combination of quantitative and ultrasensitive product detection with sub-second time resolution. [1] Using this one-of-a-kind tool, we experimentally map out the behavior of Cu-based CO reduction. In particular, we study transient overproduction of methane. We find that a very pronounced, overproduction of methane (compared to ethylene) is the result of an electrochemical pre-treatment of the catalyst with molecular oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte. Mechanistic implications are discussed. [1] D. B. Trimarco et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 075006 (2015) Figure 1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2017-01/31/1461
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 2
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    2022 roadmap on low temperature electrochemical CO 2 reduction
    IOP Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Physics: Energy Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 2022-10-01), p. 042003-
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Energy, IOP Publishing, Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 2022-10-01), p. 042003-
    Abstract: Electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 R) is an attractive option for storing renewable electricity and for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals and fuels. In this roadmap, we review recent progress in fundamental understanding, catalyst development, and in engineering and scale-up. We discuss the outstanding challenges towards commercialization of electrochemical CO 2 R technology: energy efficiencies, selectivities, low current densities, and stability. We highlight the opportunities in establishing rigorous standards for benchmarking performance, advances in in operando characterization, the discovery of new materials towards high value products, the investigation of phenomena across multiple-length scales and the application of data science towards doing so. We hope that this collective perspective sparks new research activities that ultimately bring us a step closer towards establishing a low- or zero-emission carbon cycle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ac7823
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2950951-8
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  • 3
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    Macroporous Carbon Films Support Vs. Conventional Carbon Particles with FeN 4 Sites for Oxygen Reduction in Gas-Diffusion-Electrodes
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2023
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2023-01, No. 8 ( 2023-08-28), p. 1083-1083
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2023-01, No. 8 ( 2023-08-28), p. 1083-1083
    Abstract: Novel synthetic approaches have been developed to maximize the active site density of atomically dispersed Fe sites coordinated to nitrogen in carbon matrix. (Fe-N-C) (1,2) Nevertheless, the realistic maximum for single iron sites in these catalysts is deduced to be limited to 10 21 sites per gram. (3) Therefore, for the application these Fe-N-C catalysts at the cathode for the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells, the catalyst material loading has to be increased to be able compete with the performance of Pt/C catalysts. Due to the resulting increased thickness of Fe-N-C catalyst layers, the oxygen available for the ORR at high current densities is dependent on the insufficient transport of oxygen across the catalyst layer. Freestanding catalyst nanostructured films, whose porosity is controlled across the entire thickness of the catalyst layer are expected to improve the mass transport at high current densities. Carbon nanostructures could provide the support substrate for such freestanding catalyst films. For instance, mesophase pitch-based films have been templated by silica (SiO 2 ) nanoparticles have favourable morphologies for supporting Pt. (4) However, harsh conditions and long reaction times are required to etch away the SiO 2 . In our work, SiO 2 nanoparticles are substituted by polystyrene nanoparticles, which decompose and tracelessly evaporate during the carbonization process. We have fabricated carbonized films of multiple thicknesses. We found 100 µm to be optimal, substantially thicker than Pt based electrodes to accommodate the lower density of sites and cheaper catalyst material. which is a usual thickness for Fe-N-C-based cathodes. Iron phthalocyanine (FePc) as a model active site is adsorbed on the freestanding carbon film. Gas-Diffusion-Electrodes (GDE) enable us to investigate the performance of such freestanding thin film catalysts at high current densities relevant for fuel cells. (5) A comparison of the ORR performance of catalyst layers, based on carbon films support (A) and conventional carbon particle support (B) are presented. We discuss the effect of adjusting the thickness of the two types of catalyst layers on the performance. 1 Barrio J, Pedersen A, Feng J, Sarma S. C., Wang M, Li A. Y. , Luo, H. Ryan M. P., Titirici M.-M., Stephens I. E. L. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022;10: 6023-30 2 Mehmood A, Pampel J, Ali G, Ha H Y, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Fellinger T P Adv. Energy Mater., 2018; 8: 11649-55 3 Mehmood A, Gong M, Jaouen F, Roy A, Zitolo A, Khan A, Sougrati M.-T., Primbs M., Martinez Bonastre A, Fongalland D, Drazic G, Strasser P, Kucernak A Nat. Cat., 2022;5, 311-23 4 Atwa M, Li X, Wang Z, Dull S, Xu S, Tong X, Tang R, Nishihara H, Prinz F, Birss V 2021;8: 2451-62 5 Inaba M, Jesen A W, Sievers G W, Escudero-Escribano M, Zana A, Arenz M Energy Environ. Sci,2018;11: 988-94
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2023-0181083mtgabs
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 4
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    Relating Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance to Measurements in a Liquid Half Cell
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-02, No. 37 ( 2015-07-07), p. 1451-1451
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-02, No. 37 ( 2015-07-07), p. 1451-1451
    Abstract: Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) could act as a replacement for batteries in low power electronics. For instance, micro—DMFC’s could be used to power hearing instruments[1]. The power output of a DMFC is limited by the sluggish kinetics of both the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) on the anode and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode. Thus far, to achieve high power densities with a single cell, the catalyst loadings have been increased much as possible (20 mg/cm 2 PtRu/C on anode and 4 mg/cm 2 Pt/C on cathode). More active catalysts would yield higher power densities which in turn would allow further miniaturization or powering more advanced and more power hungry devices. The activity of fuel cell catalysts is often probed in the form of thin films in liquid half cells. However, it is challenging to mimic the conditions in an actual DMFC. On the other hand, it can also be problematic to extract the catalyst activity from a fuel cell measurement. In this work, we attempt to narrow the gap between fuel cell testing and liquid half-cell measurements. First, by placing a custom reference electrode within the fuel cell, we can determine the potential at the anode and cathode under in-operando conditions.  This in turn, allows us to directly correlate our measurements to those performed in a liquid half-cell at the same potential. For our half-cell measurements, we have tested different catalysts (Pt/C, PtRu/C) for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the presence of methanol.  By comparing the two measurements, we make recommendations for performing liquid half-cell measurements under realistic conditions. [1]      J.H. Hales, C. Kallesøe, T. Lund-Olesen, A.-C. Johansson, H.C. Fanøe, Y. Yu, et al., Micro fuel cells power the hearing aids of the future, Fuel Cells Bull. 2012 (2012) 12–16. doi:10.1016/S1464-2859(12)70367-X.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-02/37/1451
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 5
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    Experimental Elucidation of the Oxygen Reduction Volcano in Base on a Pt Alloy Single Crystal
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2016
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2016-02, No. 38 ( 2016-09-01), p. 2436-2436
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2016-02, No. 38 ( 2016-09-01), p. 2436-2436
    Abstract: It is of fundamental importance to understand the factors controlling trends in activity for electrocatalytic reactions as a function of pH. In the case of the oxygen reduction reaction, numerous reports suggest significant divergences between noble metals surface catalytic performances in acid and base. [1,2] In our earlier studies, we mapped out the experimental Sabatier volcano for the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1 M HClO 4 using the Cu/Pt(111) near-surface alloy system, see Figure 1 for near-surface alloy schematic. [3,4] In this study, as those of  [3,4] , we found that by changing the subsurface coverage of Cu we could tune the surface binding of the key reaction intermediate, OH; we thus monitored the OH binding energy shift through the observable shifts in the base voltammograms in both acidic and alkaline media. Further, we elucidate the experimental oxygen reduction volcano in 0.1 M KOH for the Cu/Pt(111) near-surface alloy system. Remarkably, we observe that the same trend persists between OH binding shifts and Cu/Pt(111) oxygen reduction activities between acid and alkaline electrolyte, with the optimum catalyst in alkaline exhibiting an 8-fold improvement in activity, relative to Pt(111). However, all surfaces show a ~4 fold improvement in activity in 0.1 M KOH, relative to the same surface in 0.1 M HClO 4 . At the peak of the volcano the surface exhibits an exceptionally high specific activity of 90 mA/cm 2  at 0.9 V with respect to the reversible hydrogen electrode. Thus, our results confirm that OH binding energy is the key descriptor in both alkaline and acid electrolytes. [1] R. Rizo, E. Herrero, J. M. Feliu,  Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.   2013 ,  15 , 15416–25. [2] J. Staszak-Jirkovský, R. Subbaraman, D. Strmcnik, K. L. Harrison, C. E. Diesendruck, R. Assary, O. Frank, L. Kobr, G. K. H. Wiberg, B. Genorio, et al.,  ACS Catal.   2015 ,  5 , 6600–6607. [3] I. E. L. Stephens, A. S. Bondarenko, F. J. Perez-alonso, F. Calle-vallejo, L. Bech, T. P. Johansson, A. K. Jepsen, R. Frydendal, B. P. Knudsen, J. Rossmeisl, et al.,  2011 , 5485–5491. [4] A. S. Bondarenko, I. E. L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff,  Electrochem. commun.   2012 ,  23 , 33–36. Figure 1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2016-02/38/2436
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 6
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    Engineering the Activity and Stability of Pt-Alloy Cathode Fuel-Cell Electrocatalysts by Tuning the Pt-Pt Distance
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2014
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2014-02, No. 21 ( 2014-08-05), p. 1038-1038
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2014-02, No. 21 ( 2014-08-05), p. 1038-1038
    Abstract: One of the main obstacles to the commercialisation of low-temperature fuel cells is the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In order to decrease the ORR overpotential and reduce the Pt loading we need to develop more active and stable electrocatalysts. A fruitful strategy for enhancing the cathode activity is to alloy Pt with transition metals [1-2]. However, alloys of Pt and late transition metals are typically unstable under fuel-cell conditions. Herein, we present experimental and theoretical studies showing the trends in activity and stability of novel cathode catalysts based on alloys of Pt and lanthanides. Sputter-cleaned, polycrystalline Pt 5 Gd shows a five-fold increase in ORR activity [3], relative to Pt at 0.9 V in 0.1 M HClO 4 . The rest of the Pt 5 Ln (Ln = lanthanide) tested present at least a 3-fold enhancement in activity [4,5]. In all cases, a Pt overlayer with a thickness of few Pt layers is formed. Accordingly, the effect of alloying Pt is to impose strain onto the Pt overlayer [3,4] . It is likely that this strain would be relaxed by defects [6]. Moreover, the activity of the Pt 5 Ln catalysts vs. the Pt-Pt distance shows a volcano relationship (Fig. A) [5]. Pt 5 Ln electrocatalysts are highly stable, as shown in Fig. B [4]. We show, for the first time, that the Pt-Pt distance not only controls the activity, but also the stability of these catalysts [5] . [1] H.A. Gasteiger, S.S. Kocha, B. Sompalli, F.T. Wagner, Appl. Catal. B 2005 , 56 , 9. [2] I.E.L. Stephens, A.S. Bondarenko, U. Grønbjerg, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff, Energy Environ. Sci . 2012 , 5 , 6744. [3] M. Escudero-Escribano, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2012 , 130 , 16476. [4] P. Malacrida, M. Escudero-Escribano, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, I.E.L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014 , 2 , 4234. [5] M. Escudero-Escribano, et al., in preparation , 2014 . [6] P. Strasser, et al. Nature Chem ., 2010 , 2, 454. Fig. (A) ORR kinetic current density at 0.9 V vs. RHE as a function of the lattice parameter and the Pt-Pt distance for Pt 5 Ln and Pt. (B) Kinetic current density of Pt 5 Ln and Pt before and after a stability test consisting of 10 000 cycles between 0.6 V and 1.0 V vs. RHE in an O 2 -saturated 0.1 M HClO 4 electrolyte.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2014-02/21/1038
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 7
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    Exploring the Lanthanide Contraction to Tune the Activity and Stability of Pt
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2016
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2016-02, No. 38 ( 2016-09-01), p. 2403-2403
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2016-02, No. 38 ( 2016-09-01), p. 2403-2403
    Abstract: The high platinum loadings required to compensate for the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) impede the widespread uptake of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In order to improve the ORR kinetics and reduce the Pt loading, we can tailor the electronic properties of the Pt surface atoms by means of alloying Pt with other metals. Researchers have intensively studied alloys of Pt with late transition metals such as Ni and Co during the last decades. However, these compounds typically degrade under fuel cell reaction conditions, due to dealloying. In contrast, alloys of Pt and lanthanides present very negative enthalpy of formation [1,2], which should increase their resistance to degradation. Herein we present eight novel Pt-lanthanide and Pt-alkaline earth ORR electrocatalysts: Pt 5 La, Pt 5 Ce, Pt 5 Sm, Pt 5 Gd, Pt 5 Tb, Pt 5 Dy, Pt 5 Tm and Pt 5 Ca [3]. All the materials are highly active, presenting a 3 to 6-fold activity enhancement over Pt. Pt 5 Tb is the most active polycrystalline Pt-based catalyst reported in the literature. A Pt overlayer with a thickness of few Pt layers is formed onto the bulk alloys by acid leaching [1-3]. Notably, the experimental ORR activity as a function of the bulk lattice parameter and the Pt-Pt distance follows a “volcano” relation [3] , with Pt 5 Tb presenting the highest initial activity while Pt 5 Gd is the most active after 10 000 cycles stability test between 0.6 and 1.0 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. We use the lanthanide contraction to control strain effects and tune the electrocatalytic activity, stability and reactivity of Pt [3]. References [1] M. Escudero-Escribano, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, P. Malacrida, U. Grønbjerg, B.P. Knudsen, A.K. Jepsen, J. Rossmeisl, I.E.L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff, J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2012 , 130 , 16476. [2] P. Malacrida, M. Escudero-Escribano, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, I.E.L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014 , 2 , 4234. [3] M. Escudero-Escribano, P. Malacrida, M.H. Hansen, U.G. Vej-Hansen, A. Velázquez-Palenzuela, V. Tripkovic, J. Schiøtz, J. Rossmeisl, I.E.L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff, Science 2016 , 352 , 73.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2016-02/38/2403
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 8
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    Correlating Structure and Oxygen Reduction Activity on Y/Pt(111) and Gd/Pt(111) Single Crystals
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-03, No. 3 ( 2015-07-15), p. 668-668
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-03, No. 3 ( 2015-07-15), p. 668-668
    Abstract: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) hold promise as a zero-emission source of power, particularly suitable for automotive vehicles. However, the high loading of Pt required to catalyse the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) at the PEMFC cathode prevents the commercialisation of this technology. Improving the activity of Pt by alloying it with other metals could decrease the loading of Pt at the cathode to a level comparable to Pt-group metal loading in internal combustion engines. Pt x Y and Pt x Gd exhibit exceptionally high activity for oxygen reduction, both in the polycrystalline form and the nanoparticulate form. [1,2,3,4]. Moreover, their negative alloying energy may make them inherently less prone to degradation via dealloying than the more commonly investigated alloys of Pt and late transition metals such as Ni, Co, Fe and Cu. In order to understand the origin of the enhanced activity of these alloys, we have investigated Y/Pt(111) [5] and Gd/Pt(111) single crystals, formed by depositing large amounts of Y and Gd on Pt(111) single crystals under Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions and annealing to high temperatures.  We subsequently characterised the surface using low energy electron diffraction, ion scattering spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption of CO.  After the characterization in UHV, the ORR activity was measured. Angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were carried out after the electrochemical measurements. These experiments revealed, that thick platinum overlayers had been formed, and that the structure formed under reaction conditions was significantly different from our initial expectations. The structures of the overlayers were investigated using surface sensitive X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation, and correlated to the oxygen reduction activity. [1] M. Escudero-Escribano, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, P. Malacrida, U. Grønbjerg, B. P. Knudsen, A. K. Jepsen, J. Rossmeisl, I. E. L. Stephens, and I. Chorkendorff,   Journal of the American Chemical Society , 134(40):16476–16479, Oct 10 2012. [2] J. Greeley, I.E.L. Stephens, A.S. Bondarenko, T.P. Johansson, H.A. Hansen, T.F. Jaramillo, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff, J.K. Nørskov, Nature Chemistry , 1 (2009) 552-556. [3] A. Velázquez-Palenzuela, F. Masini, A. F. Pedersen, M. Escudero-Escribano, D. Deian, P. Malacrida, T. W. Hansen, D. Friebel, A. Nilsson, I. E. L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff, J. Catal. 2015, in press. [4] Hernandez-Fernandez, P., Masini F., McCarthy D. N., Strebel C. E., Friebel D., Deiana D., Malacrida P., Nierhoff A., Bodin A., Wise A. M., Nielsen J. H., Hansen T. W., Nilsson A., Stephens I. E. L., and Chorkendorff I. Nat Chem, 6(8): 732-738, Aug 2014 [5] T. P. Johansson, E. T. Ulrikkeholm, P. Hernandez-Fernandez, M. Escudero-Escribano,P. Malacrida, I. E. L. Stephens, and I. Chorkendorff. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16(27):13718–13725, 2014.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-03/3/668
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 9
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    What Is the Optimum Strain for Pt Alloys for Oxygen Electroreduction?
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-01, No. 32 ( 2015-04-29), p. 1820-1820
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-01, No. 32 ( 2015-04-29), p. 1820-1820
    Abstract: In order to make low-temperature fuel cells commercially viable, it is crucial to develop oxygen reduction catalysts based on more active, stable and abundant materials. A fruitful strategy for enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity is to alloy Pt with transition metals [1]. However, commercial alloys of Pt and late transition metals such as Ni, Co or Fe are typically unstable under fuel-cell conditions [2] . The very negative enthalpy of formation of alloys of Pt and lanthanides could provide them with greater long term stability than Pt and late transition metals. Herein, we show the trends in activity and stability novel Pt-lanthanide (Pt-Ln) alloys as efficient ORR catalysts. Sputter-cleaned, polycrystalline Pt5Gd shows a 5-fold increase in ORR activity [3], r elative to Pt. All the Pt-lanthanide alloys are at least 3 times more active than Pt for the ORR [3-5]. A compressed Pt overlayer is formed onto the bulk alloy. Accordingly, the effect of alloying Pt is to impose strain onto the Pt overlayer [3-5] . It is likely that this strain would be relaxed by defects [6]. The activity of the Pt-based electrocatalysts versus the lattice parameter in the bulk shows a volcano relationship (Fig. 1A). The lattice parameter is presented as a new descriptor that controls both the activity and stability of these materials [5] . The best performance (activity-stability) is achieved by Pt5Gd. Furthermore, mass-selected PtxGd nanoparticles synthesised by the gas aggregation technique present a significant ORR activity enhancement as compared to pure Pt nanoparticles, PtxGd 8 nm showing 3.6 A (mg Pt)-1 mass activity (Fig. 1B) [7], surpassing the highest activity reached with PtxY nanoparticles [8] . The activity of PtxGd nanoparticles also correlates strongly with compressive strain. Our results demonstrate that we can engineer both the activity and stability by tuning the Pt-Pt distance. References [1] I.E.L. Stephens, A.S. Bondarenko, U. Grønbjerg, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff, Energy Environ. Sci . 2012 , 5 , 6744. [2] S. Chen, H.A. Gasteiger, K. Hayakawa, T. Tada, Y. Shao-Horn, J. Electrochem. Soc . 2010 , 1571 , A82. [3] M. Escudero-Escribano, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2012 , 130 , 16476. [4] P. Malacrida, M. Escudero-Escribano, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, I.E.L. Stephens, I. Chorkendorff, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014 , 2 , 4234. [5] M. Escudero-Escribano, et al., to be submitted , 2014 . [6] P. Strasser, et al., Nature Chem . 2010 , 2 , 454. [7] A. Velázquez-Palenzuela, et al., J. Catal ., accepted, 2014 . [8] P. Hernández-Fernández, et al., Nature Chem . 2014 , 6 , 732. Fig 1. (A) ORR kinetic current density as a function of the lattice parameter and the Pt-Pt distance for Pt 5 Ln and Pt.  (B) Mass activity of Pt x Gd, Pt x Y and Pt nanoparticles. All activity values were taken at 0.9 V vs. RHE, from cyclic voltammetry recorded at 50 mV s -1 and 1600 rpm in O 2 -saturated 0.1M HClO 4 . Figure 1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-01/32/1820
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 10
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    The sustainable materials roadmap
    IOP Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Physics: Materials Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2022-07-01), p. 032001-
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Materials, IOP Publishing, Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2022-07-01), p. 032001-
    Abstract: Over the past 150 years, our ability to produce and transform engineered materials has been responsible for our current high standards of living, especially in developed economies. However, we must carefully think of the effects our addiction to creating and using materials at this fast rate will have on the future generations. The way we currently make and use materials detrimentally affects the planet Earth, creating many severe environmental problems. It affects the next generations by putting in danger the future of the economy, energy, and climate. We are at the point where something must drastically change, and it must change now. We must create more sustainable materials alternatives using natural raw materials and inspiration from nature while making sure not to deplete important resources, i.e. in competition with the food chain supply. We must use less materials, eliminate the use of toxic materials and create a circular materials economy where reuse and recycle are priorities. We must develop sustainable methods for materials recycling and encourage design for disassembly. We must look across the whole materials life cycle from raw resources till end of life and apply thorough life cycle assessments (LCAs) based on reliable and relevant data to quantify sustainability. We need to seriously start thinking of where our future materials will come from and how could we track them, given that we are confronted with resource scarcity and geographical constrains. This is particularly important for the development of new and sustainable energy technologies, key to our transition to net zero. Currently ‘critical materials’ are central components of sustainable energy systems because they are the best performing. A few examples include the permanent magnets based on rare earth metals (Dy, Nd, Pr) used in wind turbines, Li and Co in Li-ion batteries, Pt and Ir in fuel cells and electrolysers, Si in solar cells just to mention a few. These materials are classified as ‘critical’ by the European Union and Department of Energy. Except in sustainable energy, materials are also key components in packaging, construction, and textile industry along with many other industrial sectors. This roadmap authored by prominent researchers working across disciplines in the very important field of sustainable materials is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the sustainable materials community. In compiling this roadmap, we hope to aid the development of the wider sustainable materials research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government, and funding agencies in this critically important and rapidly developing research space which is key to future sustainability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7639
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7639/ac4ee5
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    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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