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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Individual calling behaviour and movements of North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
    Brill ; 2014
    In:  Behaviour Vol. 151, No. 9 ( 2014-07-18), p. 1335-1360
    Details
    In: Behaviour, Brill, Vol. 151, No. 9 ( 2014-07-18), p. 1335-1360
    Abstract: Information on individual calling behaviour and source levels are important for understanding acoustically mediated social interactions of marine mammals, for which visual observations are difficult to obtain. Our study, conducted in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS), located in the Gulf of Maine, USA, used passive acoustic arrays to track North Atlantic minke whales and assess the sound production behaviour of individuals. A total of 18 minke whales were acoustically tracked in this study. Individual calling rates were variable, with a median intercall interval (ICI) of 60.3 s. Average source levels (SL rms ) for minke whales pulse trains ranged between 164 and 168 dB re 1 μPa, resulting in a minimum detection range of 0.4–10.2 km for these calls in this urban, coastal environment. All tracked animals were actively swimming at a speed of 5.0 ± 1.2 km/h, which matches swimming speeds of migrating minke whales from other areas and confirms SBNMS as part of the migration route of this species in the Western North Atlantic. Tracked minke whales produced 7 discrete call types belonging to 3 main categories, yet no individual produced all call types. Instead, minke whales produced 2 multisyllabic call sequences (A and B) by combining 3–4 different call types in a non-random order. While 7 of the tracked individuals produced calling pattern A, 10 whales used calling pattern B, and only 1 animal combined call types differently. Animals producing different call sequences were in acoustic range of one another on several occasions, suggesting they may use these sequences for mediating social interactions. The fact that the same calling patterns were shared by several individuals suggests that these patterns may contain information related to sex, age or behavioural context.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0005-7959 , 1568-539X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1163/1568539X-00003187
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Brill
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007939-4
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pathological Findings in White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and Atlantic White-Sided Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) From the South-Eastern North Sea
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2020
    In:  Frontiers in Veterinary Science Vol. 7 ( 2020-5-27)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 7 ( 2020-5-27)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2297-1769
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00262
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2834243-4
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  • 3
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    Ultrastructure of the organ of Corti in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 10 ( 2023-9-4)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 10 ( 2023-9-4)
    Abstract: Ultrastructural descriptions of the inner ear of highly sound-dependent mammalian species are lacking and needed to gain a better understanding of the hearing sense. Here, we present the first morphometric descriptions of the sensory cells of the inner ear in the harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ), a mammal with broadly sensitive amphibious hearing. Scanning electron micrographs of the apical surface of the outer hair cells (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs) within the organ of Corti were obtained from five individuals and analyzed by linear and geometric morphometrics. Measurements were taken at regular locations along the cochlea. The spiral shape of the seal cochlea contained two and a half turns. The organ of Corti had an average length of 27.7 mm with 12,628 OHCs (12,400-12,900). Six linear morphometric parameters showed significant patterns of change associated with their location within the cochlear spiral. Likewise, these trends were similarly expressed in cell configuration (cell blocks with 57 landmarks in 12 representative cells) revealed by geometric morphometry. Cell configuration varied predictably with position in the cochlea according to clustering analyses and Procrustes ANOVA (F= 25.936, p & lt;0001). Changes associated with OHCs were primarily responsible for observed changes in cell configuration. An integration trend in cell shape change was also observed in which IHCs and OHCs share features in their morphological variation by the two-block partial least squares analysis (CR=0.987, p & lt;0.001) and the modularity hypothesis (CV=0.99, p=0.05). These descriptive and quantitative findings provide a baseline for the morphology and morphometry of the sensory cells of the organ of Corti in harbor seals, allowing for comparisons between normal and pathological features. This initial morphological description should enable the correlation between position, morphometric features, and frequency coding along the spiral of the inner ear in this species, whose hearing ability is well studied.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1211556
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 4
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    Is lachrymal fluid a potential method for cortisol measurement in wild harbor seals? A pilot study
    IBIMA Publishing ; 2016
    In:  International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports ( 2016-09-16), p. 1-10
    Details
    In: International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports, IBIMA Publishing, ( 2016-09-16), p. 1-10
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8752
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5171/2016.967043
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IBIMA Publishing
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 5
    Online Resource
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    Table_2.docx
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 10 ( 2023-8-10)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 10 ( 2023-8-10)
    Abstract: The only native cetacean in German waters, the harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ), is impacted by numerous pathological lesions in the respiratory tract mainly caused by parasites or bacteria. Although harbor porpoises have been observed to not use their complete lung volume, it has not been studied whether this insufficiency leads to lower oxygen uptake, impaired diving ability, and, ultimately, reduced foraging success. This project aims to analyze whether harbor porpoises developed novel molecular adaptations to compensate impairments in oxygen supply, thus remaining viable and competitive despite the high parasitic load. Here, initial comparative transcriptome RNA sequencing (NextSeq 2000, Illumina) was performed on muscles of harbor porpoises with a respiratory tract considered as healthy and of harbor porpoises that suffered from more severe lesions and parasitic infestations in the respiratory tract. Our findings suggest an elevated response to oxidative stress in the muscles of parasitic infested harbor porpoises compared with that of healthy animals. Higher antioxidant and antiapoptotic gene expression in the muscles of non-healthy harbor porpoises might function as a compensatory effect to enhanced reactive oxygen species production and accumulation in the muscles. Simultaneously enhanced selective proteasomal degradation and myogenesis suggest a tightly controlled, finely tuned switch of the intrinsic muscle response to stress. Lipid metabolism pathways and rate-limiting transcripts involved in glycolysis were upregulated and may uphold muscle energy supply for tissue function and energy-consuming regenerative and biosynthetic processes. These preliminary results hint at a defined response of the muscle to oxidative stress that may be caused by lung tissue with more severe pathological lesions and may indicate a possible adaptation in cetaceans.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1232305
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1232305.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1232305.s002
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 6
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    A Result of Accidental Noise Pollution: Acoustic Flowmeters Emit 28 kHz Pulses That May Affect Harbor Porpoise Hearing
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 9 ( 2022-7-7)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 9 ( 2022-7-7)
    Abstract: Large rivers like the Elbe or the Weser are periodically entered by harbor porpoises of the North Sea. They may even move 97 km upstream to the port of Hamburg, where their presence is highest in spring. This migration is believed to be related to important anadromous prey species travelling upstream for spawning. An acoustic flowmeter in the port of Hamburg emits signals in the hearing range of harbor porpoises. The pulses have a duration of 0.2 ms, a peak frequency of 28 kHz, a source level of 210 dB re 1 µPa and an inter-pulse interval of 4.2 s. The signals are continuously emitted from both sides of the river at a location where the river is 400 m wide. We evaluated the potential of these signals to induce temporary threshold shift (TTS) in harbor porpoise hearing. Hearing tests with a harbor porpoise in human care were conducted to determine TTS onset. We modelled the acoustic field based on underwater noise measurements. The acoustic flowmeters emit pulses in a highly directional beam with a source level high enough for inducing TTS in harbor porpoises by a single exposure up to a distance of approximately 72 m. The received cumulative sound exposure levels for harbor porpoises travelling along the flowmeters are mainly dependent on the timing and distance to the sound source. Accordingly, a close approach to the flowmeter at the time of transmission should be prevented. This could be the case, if vessels force harbor porpoises to displace closer to the flowmeters. We therefore suggest to decrease acoustic flowmeter source levels. This case study emphasizes the need for a mandatory authorization process prior to the use of underwater sound for any purpose with potential effects on aquatic life. Such an authorization process should carefully consider potential effects for target and non-target species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.892050
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 7
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    Image_1.JPEG
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 9 ( 2021-4-13)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 9 ( 2021-4-13)
    Abstract: Marine mammals are increasingly threatened in their habitat by various anthropogenic impacts. This is particularly evident in prey abundance. Understanding the dietary strategies of marine mammal populations can help predict implications for their future health status and is essential for their conservation. In this study we provide a striking example of a new dietary proxy in pinnipeds to document marine mammal diets using a dental record. In this novel approach, we used a combination of 49 parameters to establish a dental microwear texture (DMTA) as a dietary proxy of feeding behaviour in harbour seals. This method is an established approach to assess diets in terrestrial mammals, but has not yet been applied to pinnipeds. Our aim was to establish a protocol, opening DMTA to pinnipeds by investigating inter- and intra-individual variations. We analysed the 244 upper teeth of 78 Atlantic harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina vitulina ). The specimens were collected in 1988 along the North Sea coast (Wadden Sea, Germany) and are curated by the Zoological Institute of Kiel University, Germany. An increasing surface texture roughness from frontal to distal teeth was found and related to different prey processing biomechanics. Ten and five year old individuals were similar in their texture roughness, whereas males and females were similar to each other with the exception of their frontal dentition. Fall and summer specimens also featured no difference in texture roughness. We established the second to fourth postcanine teeth as reference tooth positions, as those were unaffected by age, sex, season, or intra-individual variation. In summary, applying indirect dietary proxies, such as DMTA, will allow reconstructing dietary traits of pinnipeds using existing skeletal collection material. Combining DMTA with time series analyses is a very promising approach to track health status in pinniped populations over the last decades. This approach opens new research avenues and could help detect dietary shifts in marine environments in the past and the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.644019
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.644019.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.644019.s002
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2745634-1
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  • 8
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    Accuracy of the Aspartic Acid Racemization Technique in Age Estimation of Mammals and the Influence of Body Temperature
    UiT The Arctic University of Norway ; 2018
    In:  NAMMCO Scientific Publications Vol. 10 ( 2018-02-23)
    Details
    In: NAMMCO Scientific Publications, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Vol. 10 ( 2018-02-23)
    Abstract: The aspartic acid racemization (AAR) technique has been applied for age estimation of humans and other mammals for more than four decades. In this study, eye lenses from 124 animals representing 25 mammalian species were collected and D/L ratios obtained using the AAR technique. The animals were either of known age or had the age estimated by other methods. The purpose of the study was to: a) estimate the accuracy of the AAR technique, and b) examine the effect of body temperature on racemization rates. Samples from four of the 25 species covered the range of ages that is needed to estimate species-specific racemization rates. The sample size from a single species of known age, the pygmy goat (Capra hircus, n = 35), was also large enough to investigate the accuracy of ages obtained using the AAR technique. The 35 goats were divided into three datasets: all goats (n = 35), goats 〉 0.5 yrs old (n = 26) and goats 〉 2 yrs old (n = 19). Leave-one-out analyses were performed on the three sets of data. Normalized root mean squared errors for the group of goats 〉 0.5 yrs old were found to be the smallest. The higher variation in D/L measurements found for young goats 〈 0.5 yrs can probably be explained by a period of continued postnatal growth of the eye lens. Normalized root mean squared errors from the leave-one-out cross-validation analyses based on goats 〉 0.5 yrs old was for three age groups of the goats: 0.934 yrs for young goats 〈 2 yrs (n = 16), 0.102 yrs for adult goats from 2–8 yrs (n = 15) and 0.133 yrs for old goats 〉 8 yrs (n = 4). Thus, the age of an adult or an old animal can be predicted with approximately 10% accuracy, whereas the age of a young animal is difficult to predict. A goat specific racemization rate, as a 2kAsp value, was estimated to 0.0107 ± 3.8 x 10-4 SE (n = 26). The 2kAsp values from 12 species, four estimated in this study and another eight published, were used to examine the effect of core body temperature on the rate of racemization. A positive relationship between AAR and temperature was found (r2 = 0.321) but results also suggest that other factors besides temperature are involved in the racemization process in living animals. Based on our results we emphasize that non-species-specific racemization rates should be used with care in AAR age estimation studies and that the period of postnatal growth of the eye lens be considered when estimating species-specific D/L0 values and ages of young individuals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2309-2491 , 1560-2206
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7557/3.10
    DOI: 10.7557/3.4400
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: UiT The Arctic University of Norway
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2736527-X
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  • 9
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    A Standardized Necropsy Protocol for Health Investigations of Small Cetaceans in Southern Africa
    Southern African Wildlife Management Association ; 2015
    In:  African Journal of Wildlife Research Vol. 45, No. 3 ( 2015-10-1), p. 332-
    Details
    In: African Journal of Wildlife Research, Southern African Wildlife Management Association, Vol. 45, No. 3 ( 2015-10-1), p. 332-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2410-7220
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3957/056.045.0332
    DOI: 10.3957/056.045.0332.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Southern African Wildlife Management Association
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2844938-1
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  • 10
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    Investigations of Thyroid and Stress Hormones in Free-Ranging and Captive Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): A Pilot Study
    Aquatic Mammals Journal ; 2011
    In:  Aquatic Mammals Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2011-12-01), p. 443-453
    Details
    In: Aquatic Mammals, Aquatic Mammals Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2011-12-01), p. 443-453
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0167-5427
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1578/AM.37.4.2011.443
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Aquatic Mammals Journal
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2129367-3
    SSG: 12
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