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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prevalence and Burden of Refractive Errors at National and Sub-national Levels in Iran
    Knowledge E DMCC ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research ( 2022-01-21)
    Details
    In: Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research, Knowledge E DMCC, ( 2022-01-21)
    Abstract: Purpose: To estimate the prevalence, burden of refractive errors and their associated trend from 1990 to 2018 and geographic inequalities in Iran. Methods: Data regarding the epidemiology of refractive errors was extracted from three different sources: systematic review of published literature, data from visual school screening programs, and data from Iran’s national health survey (NHS). The pool of all available data on refractive errors as well as demographic, location, and socioeconomic status covariates were fitted in spatio-temporal and Gaussian process regression models to predict the prevalence of refractive errors from the years 1990 to 2018 in 31 provinces grouped by age and sex in order to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). Results: In 2018, the age-adjusted prevalence of refractive errors was 16.32% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 12.44–21.48%) in both sexes, 17.98% (95% UI: 13.74– 23.61%) in women, and 14.66% (95% UI: 11.14–19.36%) in men. The prevalence of refractive errors reveals that it increases with age. Refractive errors contributed to 441.41 and 348.38 YLDs in men and women, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence growth was 31.30% in females and 24.32% in males from the years 1990 to 2018. Significant geographical heterogeneity was observed. The age-standardized YLDs rates of refractive errors represent an increasing trend of 28.9% increase from 1990 to 2018. Conclusion: Over 28 years, the prevalence of refractive errors increased significantly. Women tend to have higher rates of prevalence. The prevalence increased in older ages. Border provinces had the lowest prevalence. Age-standardized YLDs rates of refractive errors increased by about 30%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2008-322X , 2008-2010
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v17i1.10173
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Knowledge E DMCC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2578268-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Relationships between Social Capital, Metabolic, and Behavioral Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review
    Knowledge E DMCC ; 2023
    In:  Iranian Journal of Public Health ( 2023-09-08)
    Details
    In: Iranian Journal of Public Health, Knowledge E DMCC, ( 2023-09-08)
    Abstract: Background: Contextual risk factors such as social capital have a vital role in affecting behavioral and biological risk factors of NCDs. We aimed to systematically identify the relationship between different aspects of social capital (SC) with metabolic, and behavioral risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: This is a systematic review. The period of study was 2000-2021. We searched the English international databases, i.e. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies that reported NCDs' metabolic and behavioral risk factors as independent variables, were excluded. We also included studies if they analyzed the association between SC and metabolic and behavioral risk factors of NCDs. Results: After the primary and quality appraisal process, 97 studies were entered in the final phase of the analysis. Five out of 18 studies reported an inverse association between SC and the level of alcohol drinking. Twenty-seven out of 32 studies reported a significant inverse association between SC and smoking and tobacco use, while only one study reported a significant positive association. Nine studies reported a significant inverse association between SC and high blood pressure. Three studies showed a significant inverse association between SC and diabetes. Seventeen studies indicated a significant positive association between SC and physical activity. Thirteen out of 17 studies reported a significant inverse association between SC, body mass index (BMI) and overweight. Conclusion: High SC, people's participation and interaction are vital in tackling NCDs. Evidence shows positive effects of SC on prevention, control and improvement of NCDs' metabolic and behavioral risk factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2251-6093 , 2251-6085
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i9.13563
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Knowledge E DMCC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2240935-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prevalence of Non-Engineered Buildings and Population at Risk for a Probable Earthquake: A Cross-Sectional Study from an Informal Settlement in Tehran, Iran
    Knowledge E DMCC ; 2020
    In:  Iranian Journal of Public Health ( 2020-06-10)
    Details
    In: Iranian Journal of Public Health, Knowledge E DMCC, ( 2020-06-10)
    Abstract: Background: Constructions in informal settlements not respected any applying rules, regulations of urban planning, and building codes with high population density, are the municipality challenge. We aimed to identify level of buildings seismic vulnerability and population at risk in Tehran’s Farahzad informal settlement in 2017. Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, residential buildings were assessed for seismic performance of constructions. We screened 160 buildings according to Iranian national guidelines by Rapid Seismic Visual Screening Method as a tool to calculate and determine Level of Retrofitting (LR) scores of buildings. We also interviewed residents of the buildings to collect data regarding socio-demographic data, individual disability status, Disaster Assessment of Readiness and Training (DART) regarding household disaster preparedness, and time occupancy in the buildings. Results: Overall, 160 buildings with 209 households and 957 individuals were surveyed. 97.5% of buildings were formed of heavy construction materials. None of them were categorized as engineered buildings and LR of residential buildings ranged from 82.4% to 163.8% with a mean 117.9%. LR scores of more than 100% were capped as 100%. Vulnerable groups of the sample population include under-five years old (8.7%), 60 yr old and above (6.7%), and 9.1% of households had at least one disabled member. 16.7% of households were living in homes with dense area. The DART score for 94.3% of surveyed households was zero. Conclusion: Disaster managers in Tehran municipality must design and implement a comprehensive risk reduction plan in poor urban areas as vulnerable regions for earthquake hazard.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2251-6093 , 2251-6085
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i1.3058
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Knowledge E DMCC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2240935-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Utilization Trend of Parenteral Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Covered by Iran Health Insurance Organization from 2011 to 2030
    Knowledge E DMCC ; 2023
    In:  Iranian Journal of Public Health ( 2023-05-22)
    Details
    In: Iranian Journal of Public Health, Knowledge E DMCC, ( 2023-05-22)
    Abstract: Background: Exploring and analyzing the cost of medicines is an important tool for their management and planning. This study aims to analyze the utilization and costs of parenteral anti-diabetic medications during the past decade and predict the future trend of these medications from 2021 to 2031 in people that are covered by Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO). Methods: This study was based on secondary analysis of data routinely reported to IHIO from 2011 to 2019. For each drug, the Defined Daily Dose (DDDs) and DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day were calculated for the last 9 years according to the WHO protocol. Then a regression analysis was used to predict the utilization trend of each drug for the following 10 years. Results: The overall utilization of injectable antidiabetic drugs has constantly increased during the last nine years. This increasing trend is estimated to continue during the next decade. Conclusion: In Iran, the increase in the diabetic population and better access in the future will be the main reasons for the increase in the utilization of various insulins. The increasing trend of utilizing injectable anti-diabetic drugs in Iran might be partly due to new patients and partly because of improvement in patient access to new treatments. This also suggests that, compared to the average in the commonwealth countries, Iranian diabetic patients has faced lack of drug utilization in the past decade that is gradually reducing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2251-6093 , 2251-6085
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i5.12725
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Knowledge E DMCC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2240935-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Twenty-Six-Year Trend of Mortality Rate due to Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHDs) in Iran: 1990-2015
    Knowledge E DMCC ; 2022
    In:  Iranian Journal of Public Health ( 2022-02-13)
    Details
    In: Iranian Journal of Public Health, Knowledge E DMCC, ( 2022-02-13)
    Abstract: Background: Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHDs) are the main causes of deaths all over the world. Since there is no comprehensive study on IHDs mortality rate in Iran, the present study aimed to estimate age-standardized IHDs mortality rate by sex, age, geography, and time trends at both national and sub-national levels in Iran. Methods: We used the Death Registration System (DRS) data from 1990 to 2015 collected by the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education across the country, Tehran, and Isfahan main cemetery, not included in the DRS. Utilized death distribution methods to overcome the incompleteness of data. Statistical models including Spatio-temporal and Gaussian-Process Regression models were used to extrapolate all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates. Results: Age-standardized IHDs mortality rate in Iran almost doubled from 1990 to 2015. Forty-nine deaths per 100.000 population in 1990, which increased to 91.6 deaths per 100.000 in 2015). Male to female age-standardized mortality rate increased from 1.07 to 1.32 during the studied period. Aging was associated with an increase in age-standardized IHDs mortality rate in both sexes, all provinces, and all of the years. The range of age-standardized IHDs mortality rate for both sexes was from 58 to 136.2 deaths per 100,000 across provinces in 2015. Conclusion: Due to the increase in age-standardized IHDs mortality rate in Iran, it seems necessary to design and implement appropriate public health interventions by health authorities to prevent and control this group of diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2251-6093 , 2251-6085
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i2.8695
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Knowledge E DMCC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2240935-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Hepatitis B Prevalence in Irani-an Blood Donors from 2000 to 2016 at National and Provincial Level
    Knowledge E DMCC ; 2021
    In:  Iranian Journal of Public Health ( 2021-09-05)
    Details
    In: Iranian Journal of Public Health, Knowledge E DMCC, ( 2021-09-05)
    Abstract: Background: High risk blood transfusions can cause a lot of financial and psychological burden to the community. The prevalence of Hepatitis B is useful for evaluating the blood products' safety and donor selection methods. We aimed to predict the prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors from 2000-2016. Methods: Positive cases of hepatitis B from 2006 to 2014 were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. This database was classified according to the age, provinces, and type of donation. Data was not existed in all subnational levels and all years, therefore, for predicting the hepatitis B prevalence, two separate, Spatio-temporal and mixed model (GLMM) were developed. Results: At the national level, the hepatitis B prevalence declined from 0.69 (0.51 to 0.90) in 2000 to 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) in 2016. In first-time, regular, and repeated donors, this prevalence declined from 2.31 (1.74 to 2.31), 0.26 (0.19 to 0.34), and 0.51 (0.38 to 0.68) in 2000 to 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09), 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12), and 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) in 2016. At the provincial level, the highest and lowest prevalence in 2016 was observed in North Khorasan and Gilan. With increasing age, the average prevalence of hepatitis B, increased. Conclusion: Prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors has been reduced significantly over 17 years, but still new cases of hepatitis B are reported. By precise monitoring the donor selection process and implementing more sensitive laboratory screening, we can reduce the risk of new infectious agents.  
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2251-6093 , 2251-6085
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i9.7058
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Knowledge E DMCC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2240935-X
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