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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interleukin-10
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. ; 2006
    In:  Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2006-08-01), p. 223-231
    Details
    In: Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2006-08-01), p. 223-231
    Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-10, initially described as cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, is a pleotropic cytokine produced by many cell populations. Its main biological functions appear to be quite diverse: on the one hand it is involved in the limitation and termination of inflammatory responses and the regulation of differentiation and proliferation of several immune cells, and on the other hand it mediates immunostimulatory properties that support the elimination of infectious and non-infectious particles with limited inflammation. Numerous investigations, including expression analyses in patients, and both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest a major physiological and pathophysiological impact of IL-10. Activation of the neuro-endocrine axis following acute stress reactions leads to systemic IL-10 release, preventing hyperinflammatory reactions. IL-10 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and lymphomas and considered to promote further tumor development. In contrast, a relative IL-10 deficiency has been observed and is regarded to be of pathophysiological relevance in certain inflammatory disorders characterized by a type 1 cytokine pattern such as psoriasis. Recombinant human IL-10 has been tested in several clinical trials including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, organ transplantation, and hepatitis C. The results are heterogeneous and give new insight into the immunobiology of IL-10. However, further investigations would be desirable to better determine the effect/side effect profile as well as the best first line target indication and optimal therapeutic regimen.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1871-5230
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2174/187152306778017700
    Language: English
    Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Safety Assessment by Multiphoton Fluorescence/Second Harmonic Generation/Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering Tomography of ZnO Nanoparticles Used in Cosmetic Products
    S. Karger AG ; 2012
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2012), p. 219-226
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2012), p. 219-226
    Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are commonly used as UV filters in commercial sunscreen products. Their penetration into the skin is intensively discussed in the literature. In the present in vivo study, penetration of ZnO NPs (30 nm in size) into human skin was investigated by multiphoton tomography. Based on the non-linear effects of a second harmonic generation and hyper-Rayleigh scattering, the distribution of ZnO NPs in the horny layers of the epidermis, as well as the furrows, wrinkles and orifice of the hair follicles was analyzed. This method permitted distinguishing between the particulate and dissolved forms of Zn. A detection limit of 0.08 fg/µm 〈 sup 〉 3 〈 /sup 〉 was estimated. Taking advantage of this sensitivity, it was clearly shown that ZnO NPs penetrate only into the outermost layers of stratum corneum, furrows and into the orifices of the hair follicles and do not reach the viable epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000338976
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Cutaneous Carotenoids: The Mirror of Lifestyle?
    S. Karger AG ; 2014
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 27, No. 4 ( 2014), p. 201-201
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 27, No. 4 ( 2014), p. 201-201
    Abstract: Carotenoids could serve as marker substances of the antioxidant status of the human skin. In the present study, an optical skin scanner was used to analyse the carotenoid concentration obtained from 4 volunteers over a period of 13 days. The measurements were taken daily at different time points. In addition, the volunteers were asked to keep track of their daily nutritional behaviour and stress situations in a diary. It was found that the carotenoid values reflect clearly the nutritional behaviour and stress situations of the volunteers. While a steady, increased intake of fruit and vegetables resulted in a gradual increase in the dermal carotenoid values for several days, stressful situations entailed an immediate decline in these values. Although the impact of healthy nutrition on the antioxidant protection system is generally known and notwithstanding the small number of cases, the present study clearly demonstrates that the avoidance and/or reduction of stress is similarly important in order not to counteract or nullify the results achieved by healthy nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000357222
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 4
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    Correlation of the Local Distribution of Topically Applied Substances Inside the Stratum corneum Determined by Tape-Stripping to Differences in Bioavailability
    S. Karger AG ; 2001
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 14, No. Suppl. 1 ( 2001), p. 98-102
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 14, No. Suppl. 1 ( 2001), p. 98-102
    Abstract: Tape-stripping and optical spectroscopy are used as a suitable combined method to determine the horny layer profile. Firstly, typical ultraviolet filter substances are used as active substances which are fixed inside the horny layer. Secondly, clobetasol propionate was applied topically in two formulations, Temovate 〈 sup 〉 ® 〈 /sup 〉 Cream and Temovate & #917; Emollient 〈 sup 〉 ® 〈 /sup 〉 . The measured changes in the local distribution of the drug inside stratum corneum reflect the observed differences in the biological response visualized as blanching. The concentration of the drug in deeper parts of the horny layer proposes the existence of a small channel available for the percutaneous absorption. The observed low intensity blanching is correlated to the follicle orifices of the skin. After application of Temovate & #917; Emollient 〈 sup 〉 ® 〈 /sup 〉 , a lateral spreading of the drug must be taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000056397
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Evaluation of the Pseudo-Absorption Method to Quantify Human Stratum corneum Removed by Tape Stripping Using Protein Absorption
    S. Karger AG ; 2003
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 16, No. 4 ( 2003), p. 228-236
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 16, No. 4 ( 2003), p. 228-236
    Abstract: Tape stripping is a well-known method to study the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC) and penetration processes of topically applied substances into the horny layer. The quantification of the removed corneocytes for each tape strip is the prerequisite for these studies. The pseudo-absorption of the corneocytes was proposed as a measure for the quantification of the removed corneocyte aggregates. In this study, the pseudo-absorption of the corneocytes in the visible range (430 nm) is compared with the protein absorption in the UV range (278 nm) and an absorption at 652 nm obtained after staining of the SC proteins with Trypan blue. Both the protein absorption and the absorption measured after staining correlate well with the pseudo-absorption measured at 430 nm (R 〈 sup 〉 2 〈 /sup 〉 = 0.92 ± 0.04 and R 〈 sup 〉 2 〈 /sup 〉 = 0.95 ± 0.04, respectively).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000070845
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 6
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    Optical Coherent Tomography for in vivo Determination of Changes in Hair Cross Section and Diameter during Treatment with Glucocorticosteroids – A Simple Method to Screen for Doping Substances?
    S. Karger AG ; 2008
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 21, No. 6 ( 2008), p. 312-317
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 21, No. 6 ( 2008), p. 312-317
    Abstract: Eighty percent of hair follicles are in the growing phase. They grow approximately 0.3 mm/day. The hair follicles are surrounded by a close network of capillaries, which supplies them with nutrients. It is well known that substances which influence the metabolic processes of humans also influence hair growth. Steroids, which are used for doping in sport, are among these substances. In the present paper, optical coherent tomography is used for the analysis of changes in the hair structure during the application of steroids for the treatment of patients suffering from auto-immune diseases. Significant differences in the hair cross section could be detected during treatment, while the shape of the hairs was not influenced. It could be demonstrated that optical coherence tomography is a suitable, non-invasive and low-cost measuring technique that can be applied for doping control and screening. As a result of this screening process, only those athletes who show abnormalities in hair parameters would need to be investigated by classical analytical methods. The results presented in this study are not only important for doping controls, but also for several clinical applications, such as therapy and compliance control in cases where the applied substances induce changes in the hair structure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000153981
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 7
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    Bioavailability of Clobetasol Propionate – Quantification of Drug Concentrationsin the Stratum Corneum by Dermatopharmacokinetics UsingTape Stripping
    S. Karger AG ; 1999
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 12, No. 1-2 ( 1999), p. 46-53
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 12, No. 1-2 ( 1999), p. 46-53
    Abstract: The concentration of clobetasol propionate in the stratum corneum after application of three different formulations was determined, quantifying the influence of the formulations on the bioavailability of the drug. The stratum corneum was sampled by tape stripping. The concentrations of clobetasol propionate were determined quantitatively by HPLC. After application of Clobetasol Propionate Cream USP, 0.05%, and Temovate Cream, 0.05%, identical amounts of the drug were found in the stratum corneum, whereas after application of Temovate ε Emollient, 0.05%, the quantity was clearly decreased. From results obtained measuring the drug concentration in the adjacent sites of the skin where the creams had not been applied, it became clear that clobetasol propionate in Temovate ε Emollient, migrated to a large extent in the lateral direction. This explains the lower concentration measured for this formulation in the skin areas where the cream had been applied. In general, a lateral distribution of the applied drug must be taken into account when positioning the application areas on the forearm.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000029845
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 8
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    Influence of Microparticles on the Homogeneity of Distribution of Topically Applied Substances
    S. Karger AG ; 2008
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2008), p. 274-282
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2008), p. 274-282
    Abstract: The uppermost layer of the skin – the stratum corneum – represents a barrier of the human organism to the environment. It prevents the penetration of substances coming into contact with the skin into the human body. In cases of strong exposure, the skin has to be protected additionally by barrier creams. In the present study, the influence of microparticles on the homogeneity of distribution of the protection cream on the skin was investigated by laser scanning microscopy. The protection cream contained antioxidant substances with a high radical protection factor for the prevention of palmar-plantar erythema often occurring during chemotherapy with doxorubicin. In this case, the chemotherapeutic substance comes out with the sweat onto the skin surface, from which it penetrates into the skin like topically applied. It was found that particles increase the homogeneity of distribution and, thus, the protection efficacy is significantly increased. The obtained results are important, not only for the prevention of side effects during chemotherapy, but also for the development and application of sunscreens and all types of topically applied drugs and cosmetics, which should form an efficient protection film on the skin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000148043
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Interaction between Carotenoids and Free Radicals in Human Skin
    S. Karger AG ; 2011
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2011), p. 238-244
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2011), p. 238-244
    Abstract: Environmental factors like air pollutants, radiation of the sun and stress factors such as illness, smoking, or alcohol abuse produce free radicals in the human tissue as well as in the skin. Free radicals serve as the main cause for premature skin aging. Additionally, they also contribute towards immunosuppression and the formation of skin diseases including cancer. The human organism has developed a protection system against the destructive action of free radicals by means of the antioxidant network. In the present study, the interaction of free radicals and carotenoid antioxidants in the human skin under in vivo conditions was investigated and summarized. The measurement of carotenoids in human skin was performed in vivo using resonance Raman spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000326074
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Uptake of Antioxidants by Natural Nutrition and Supplementation: Pros and Cons from the Dermatological Point of View
    S. Karger AG ; 2011
    In:  Skin Pharmacology and Physiology Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2011), p. 269-273
    Details
    In: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2011), p. 269-273
    Abstract: The pros and cons of the systemic and topical application of antioxidant substances are a subject of intense discussion among experts, with resulting confusion for consumers and producers. The objective of the present article is to clarify the various uncertainties relating to the use of antioxidant substances in dermatology. Whereas inappropriate application of antioxidant substances (concerning their concentration and composition) might induce harmful effects, the consumer will definitively benefit from physiological concentrations and compositions of antioxidants. The most suitable method is the consumption of natural antioxidants in the form of fruit and vegetables, for example. In addition, the skin, which also accumulates antioxidant substances, may profit from a sufficient antioxidative level, as damage induced by sun radiation in addition to skin aging is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-5527 , 1660-5535
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000328725
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2011
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