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  • Mobility and traffic research  (25)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Color Performance of Yellow Pavement Markings at Night in the Field
    SAGE Publications ; 2006
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1973, No. 1 ( 2006-01), p. 120-129
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1973, No. 1 ( 2006-01), p. 120-129
    Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to determine the perceptual color correlates of yellow pavement markings at night under tungsten–halogen and high-intensity–gas-discharge headlamps. Participants viewed a battery of yellow pavement markings laid out in a skip line pattern on a straight and level roadway. Four different thermoplastic pavement markings with organic yellow pigments and a waterborne latex paint-type pavement marking were used. Three of the four thermoplastic pavement markings were custom tailored for the experiment and differed by the recipes of the titanium dioxide (which is white) content to vary the yellow saturation while trading off retroreflectivity. The participants were asked to identify each pavement marking color at different distances as either yellow or white when the markings were presented in a set of six markings in a random design. Pavement marking type and viewing distance affected the participants’ responses. Headlamp type did not have a statistically significant effect. A first-order interaction between pavement marking type and viewing distance was also significant, suggesting that some pavement markings preserved their yellow appearance better at far distances. A second-order interaction between pavement marking type, viewing distance, and headlamp type was also statistically significant. This interaction indicates that some materials preserved their yellowness at far distances only under a specific headlamp type. Materials with less retroreflectivity appear to be less capable of rendering saturated yellow colors at long distances. The reason for this is that the cones in the retina require a certain level of luminance for color perception to take place.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0361198106197300115
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Legibility of Traffic Sign Text and Symbols
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1692, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 142-151
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1692, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 142-151
    Abstract: An exploratory daytime and nighttime sign recognition and legibility field driving experiment involving 11 new reflectorized right-shoulder-mounted traffic signs and 10 young, healthy subjects (three replications) is described here. It was hypothesized that daytime conditions would provide longer recognition and legibility distances than nighttime conditions and that signs with bold symbols would provide longer recognition and legibility distances than textual signs. Also of interest was the formulation of the instructions to the subjects, which is likely to influence the legibility and recognition distances. Whereas other researchers have encouraged subjects to guess the symbols or legends, it was emphasized in the instructions of this experiment that the subjects were to say aloud the information on the traffic signs at that point during the approach when they could clearly (with near 100 percent certainty) identify all visual details of the message or the symbol. By comparing these results with the results of other studies, it was found that legend and symbol identification under clearly seen conditions provides legibility and recognition distances that are considerably shorter than those obtained if guessing is allowed. The average daytime legibility and recognition distances were about 1.8 times longer than the average nighttime legibility and recognition distances. It may be tentatively concluded that when reporting on field legibility research, it is of utmost importance to provide the reader with detailed information about how the subjects were instructed to respond to the stimuli (e.g., guessing was allowed versus clearly seen message). From the data obtained in this study, it appears that the effect of the subject instruction formulation is stronger under nighttime low-beam conditions than during daytime.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1692-15
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1692, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 129-141
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1692, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 129-141
    Abstract: Pavement marking visibility models and tightly controlled pavement marking field experiments indicate that increased pavement marking retroreflectivity does in fact result in longer pavement marking visibility distances. The authors suggest that drivers should be provided with a pavement marking visibility distance long enough to allow for a preview time of 3.65 s at a given vehicle speed. This minimum required preview distance can be translated into a minimum required pavement marking retroreflectance. Questions were raised that perhaps drivers may not take advantage of brighter pavement markings (increased retroreflectance)—that is, drivers may not be looking as far ahead as possible from a pavement marking visibility point of view. This study was conducted to test whether drivers increase their longitudinal eye fixation distance when pavement marking retroreflectance is increased. Eye scanning data from six subjects were used to establish longitudinal eye fixation distributions on straight and level roads under low-beam illumination at night. In general, drivers appear to adjust their visual information acquisition behavior (longitudinal eye fixation distances and eye fixation preview times) when driving on roads with bright and highly visible pavement markings. Within the range of pavement marking retroreflectances investigated, it appears that, at least for half the drivers tested, brighter markings are indeed better and provide longer preview distances, which is desirable from an information acquisition, information processing, and safety point of view.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1692-14
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reflective Properties of Selected Road Surfaces for an Automobile Headlamp Geometry
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1657, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 79-90
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1657, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 79-90
    Abstract: Luminance-contrast-based pavement marking visibility models are widely used in the design of street and automobile lighting systems, the design and evaluation of retroreflective sheeting materials and pavement-marking materials, and in the establishment of minimum visibility requirements for nighttime motorists. Computer-based visibility models usually determine the visibility of pavement markings by comparing the available luminance contrast formed between the pavement marking and the immediate surrounding road surface with a human threshold contrast value. However, to be able to calculate the luminance contrast between a pavement marking and the road surface, a pavement-marking visibility model needs matrices of retroreflectance as a function of the entrance angle and the observation angle, both for the pavement and the pavement markings. However, no extensive field data are available on the reflective properties of road surfaces under an automobile headlamp geometry (observation angles less than 1°). Retroreflectance matrices were developed for old asphalt, new asphalt, old concrete, and new concrete road surfaces. The road surface retroreflectance was measured with a specially designed apparatus in the field. Multiple linear regression models were developed with the retroreflectance data obtained for each measured road surface. Traffic sign luminance measurements under automobile headlamp illumination conditions were conducted in the field at night to determine the degree to which a post-mounted traffic sign (sign center 1.98 m above the ground) receives indirect light reflected from the road surface.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1657-11
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pedestrian Visibility Under Automobile Low-Beam Headlight Illumination: With and Without Headlight Covers
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1773, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 114-126
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1773, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 114-126
    Abstract: Pedestrians and bicyclists are the most vulnerable of all participants in traffic. Their safety at night should be a priority for headlamp designers, rule-making agencies, and consumers alike. A disturbing trend—the use of very dark aftermarket headlamp covers on vehicle headlamps—is emerging. This trend is observed primarily in sports cars owned by young drivers. These dark headlamp covers, often referred to as blackouts, serve no real purpose other than that of supposedly enhancing vehicle appearance. For a driver using such headlamp covers at night, it may appear as though the overall visibility is not much affected. However, this perception is misleading and wrong, as will be clearly demonstrated. The objective was to quantify the detrimental effects dark headlamp covers have on pedestrian visibility. To do so, detection distances were obtained in the field using 15 observers who were approaching stationary pedestrian mockups. The independent variables were pedestrian size (child, adult), diffuse clothing reflectance (dark, light), and illumination (with and without headlamp covers). Clothing reflectance turned out to have the strongest effect on the detection distance, closely followed by the factor of illumination. The conclusions that can be drawn from the work presented are simple. Nighttime pedestrians should not wear dark clothing, instead they should wear white or reflective clothing, and motorists should not drive with dark headlamp covers at night.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1773-14
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Driver Eye-Scanning Behavior as Function of Pavement Marking Configuration
    SAGE Publications ; 1997
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1605, No. 1 ( 1997-01), p. 62-72
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1605, No. 1 ( 1997-01), p. 62-72
    Abstract: Spatial driver eye-scanning behavior and driving speeds were collected along four rural two-lane road test sites under low-beam illumination conditions at night. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that drivers adjust their spatial eye-scanning behavior and their driving speeds in response to pavement marking visibility. Two pavement marking conditions were investigated: (a) low-visibility temporary pavement markings (before condition) consisting of a yellow dashed centerline and no edge lines on a newly paved asphalt surface, and (b) new, fully restored double solid yellow centerlines with white edge lines (after condition). The results suggest that drivers operate with very short preview times and that drivers do not appear to lower their speeds under the low-visibility before condition, as compared with their speeds under the high-visibility after condition. However, drivers systematically and consistently decrease their longitudinal eye fixation distances under the before condition. This study provides further evidence that drivers “overdrive” their low beams at night and that there may be a need for a specific educational effort or, in the case of temporary pavement markings in construction work zones, the use of regulatory lower speed limits and credible enforcement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1605-08
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Viewing Ground-Mounted Diagrammatic Guide Signs Before Entrance Ramps at Night: Driver Eye Scanning Behavior
    SAGE Publications ; 2003
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1843, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 61-69
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1843, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 61-69
    Abstract: The driver eye scanning study is part of a larger study conducted for the Ohio Department of Transportation to evaluate the effectiveness of ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs placed before entrance ramps at highway freeway interchanges. This nighttime study investigated driver eye scanning behavior while approaching ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs placed before entrance ramps. Six highway-freeway interchanges were selected in the Greater Columbus, Ohio, area for placement of the diagrammatic signs in the field. Subjects were six unfamiliar drivers, between the ages of 22 to 42. Two diagrammatic signs were located at each of the six interchanges, .5 mi (805 m) and .25 mi (402 m) before the last point of the gore, where a driver can still gain access to the correct freeway entrance ramp. Driver eye scanning behavior measurements were recorded at night to determine if the presence of the diagrammatic signs elicited an excessive number of eye fixations or was visually distracting to the drivers or both. The results indicate that the diagrammatic signs are not looked at excessively often or excessively long. The average look numbers and average look duration times indicate a normal and reasonable level of information acquisition processing employed by the drivers. These values agree with those previously obtained for regular traffic signing determined in previous eye scanning studies. Ground-mounted diagrammatic signs on multilane arterials in advance of highway freeway interchanges were not demonstrated to unduly distract drivers and detrimentally affect a driver’s looking behavior.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1843-08
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Visual Detection and Recognition of Fluorescent Color Targets Versus Nonfluorescent Color Targets as a Function of Peripheral Viewing Angle and Target Size
    SAGE Publications ; 1997
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1605, No. 1 ( 1997-01), p. 28-40
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1605, No. 1 ( 1997-01), p. 28-40
    Abstract: Daytime conspicuity of targets with fluorescent and nonfluorescent backgrounds as a function of the peripheral angle and the target size was investigated in the field. The resulting peripheral detection and recognition data may prove relevant to, for example, a bicyclist or a pedestrian approaching a driver at an intersection from a side street, or to a construction worker approaching a driver in a road construction site. Two groups of nine young, healthy subjects were used. White, blue, green, red, fluorescent red, fluorescent yellow-green, yellow, fluorescent yellow, orange, and fluorescent orange were presented at peripheral angles to the right of the line of sight. The targets were presented at a radial distance of 30 m (100 ft) from the front bumper of the car at the selected peripheral angle. The subjects were seated in a stationary car and the targets were visible for 2 sec. Each subject provided a total of 180 observations. The results of this study indicate that the fluorescent color targets (especially the fluorescent yellow-green) were considerably better-detected peripherally than their nonfluorescent counterparts. Furthermore, for some peripheral angles fluorescent yellow-green was among the top three best-recognized colors. On the basis of the results of this study, it may be concluded tentatively that to maximize daytime conspicuity for peripheral detection and recognition, highly conspicuous fluorescent colors such as fluorescent yellow-green, along with a fairly large target size, should be selected. It appears that however conspicuous a color is alone, if the target is too small for the visual angle subtended, the color will not be well detected or recognized, especially at larger peripheral viewing angles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1605-05
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Luminance and Text Size on Information Acquisition Time from Traffic Signs
    SAGE Publications ; 2009
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2122, No. 1 ( 2009-01), p. 52-62
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2122, No. 1 ( 2009-01), p. 52-62
    Abstract: Although visual performance was measured in terms of visual response time in many psychophysical studies, such an approach has not been used in evaluating the effect of luminance on traffic sign legibility performance. Traffic sign and retroreflective sign sheeting performance at night have been historically identified with the threshold (farthest) distance for legibility and in many cases from stationary vehicles with no restrictions on viewing time. Because traffic signs are not always read at threshold distances or threshold luminances and because the time available to read traffic signs is usually limited in the real world, a proper assessment of sign legibility performance requires determining information acquisition times above threshold conditions. This study investigated the effect of (legend) luminance and letter size on the information acquisition time and transfer accuracy from simulated traffic signs. Luminances ranged from 3.2 cd/m 2 to 80 cd/m 2 on positive-contrast textual traffic sign stimuli with contrast ratios of 6:1 and 10:1, positioned at 33 ft/in. and 40 ft/in. legibility indices, and viewed under conditions simulating a nighttime driving environment. The findings suggest that increasing the sign luminance significantly reduces the time to acquire information. Similarly, increasing the sign size (or reducing the legibility index) also reduces the information acquisition time. These findings suggest that larger and brighter signs are more efficient in transferring their message to the driver by reducing information acquisition time, or alternatively, by increasing the transfer accuracy. In return, reduced sign viewing durations and increased reading accuracy are likely to improve roadway safety.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2122-07
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Computer-Based Modeling to Determine the Visibility and Minimum Retroreflectivity of Pavement Markings
    SAGE Publications ; 2000
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1708, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 47-60
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1708, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 47-60
    Abstract: The Federal Highway Administration was mandated by the U.S. Congress to establish in-service levels of minimum pavement-marking retroreflectivity and commissioned research to determine the minimum in-service level from a driver’s point of view. Computer Aided Road Marking Visibility Evaluator (CARVE) was developed and refined to systematically investigate drivers’ visual needs in terms of nighttime pavement-marking visibility and to allow the formulation of minimum retroreflectivity recommendations. The components within CARVE and the methods, algorithms, and equations that are used to determine the visibility distance of a given pavement-marking treatment are presented and discussed. CARVE systematically manipulates the pavement-marking efficiency (η PM ) up and down using a bisecting-search algorithm until the desired minimum required preview distance for selected conditions is achieved. Future expansions of CARVE, or the development of models that supersede it, may require additional research to investigate the wet-weather visibility of pavement markings, the effects of combined treatments consisting of pavement markings and raised reflective markers, and the visibility in inclement weather such as fog and blowing snow.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1708-06
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2000
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