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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Road User Education and Multimodal Planning: Can Capability Be Part of the Process?
    SAGE Publications ; 2017
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2654, No. 1 ( 2017-01), p. 20-28
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2654, No. 1 ( 2017-01), p. 20-28
    Abstract: New designs, technologies, and rules are all being deployed to make roads more usable for people traveling by a variety of modes: walking, biking, transit, and driving. This paper examines whether and how road user education might be better integrated into the multimodal planning process. Interviews with multimodal transportation planners and education specialists, in addition to content analysis of online educational videos geared toward enhancing bicycle capabilities and awareness, reveal a nexus between the significant changes to roads and facilities proposed by planners and road user education. It is found that some multimodal transportation organizations have adopted practices that support education of current road users, with content and approaches that emphasize safe usability and mode shift. Planners can play a distinctive role in the process of educating current and potential users, helping set the “time and place” for education and the content of educational materials and practices. Still, a lack of agreement is evident for planners as to whether current practices fall within their purview. Hurdles that impede planners’ ability to engage in multimodal road user education include inadequate coordination, a lack of funding, and limited training or access to trained specialists and effective content. If users’ capabilities to safely use and be aware of multiple modes are seen as essential to communities’ mobility objectives, a conceptual shift for planners, adding education to traditional expertise in infrastructure and policy, may be required.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2654-03
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Research and Development Program for Integrated Urban Models
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1685, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 161-170
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1685, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 161-170
    Abstract: The case is presented for a new, coordinated research and development (R & D) program designed to improve significantly the operational state of practice in integrated urban modeling. First, the authors’ view of an “ideal” integrated urban modeling system is described. If developed, this modeling system should be capable of incorporating the best possible understanding of transportation and land use interactions and of addressing planning and analysis needs. Also discussed briefly are current operational modeling capabilities as related to the proposed ideal model. Finally, a multiyear R & D program that was designed to move current practice significantly toward the operationalization of the ideal model is detailed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1685-21
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Geographic Information Systems: Unique Analytic Capabilities for the Traffic Safety Community
    SAGE Publications ; 2000
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1734, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 21-28
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1734, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 21-28
    Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS) have been used for more than a decade to display crash sites. Now that their novelty has worn off, the traffic records community should ask what additional analytical benefits GIS can uniquely provide. A literature review illustrates that safety-related GIS analytical capabilities surpass the common practice of producing crash location pin maps. Additional useful GIS techniques include using grid-based modeling; producing increasingly accurate collision diagrams; verifying disparate sources of crash data; applying spatially based statistical applications; examining crash location patterns for causal factors; aligning public opinion with real data; and improving routing capabilities for pedestrians, bicyclists, and hazardous material carriers. This research explores GIS analytic capabilities that can be practically applied to crash data evaluation. A case study demonstrates that despite limited budgets and imperfect data, GIS can still help to identify potential crash countermeasures. Using a typical non-GIS source of crash data (a software package that records crashes at either an intersection or a midblock location), it was possible to place approximately 82 percent of crash locations within a GIS. When private property crashes were excluded from this process, the placement rate climbed to an estimated 94 percent for intersections and 87 percent for midblock locations. By focusing the case study on understanding the practical spatial analytical capabilities rather than merely the mechanics of specific GIS software, one can eventually take advantage of the more extensive crash and roadway data sets that will become available. Despite its many capabilities, however, GIS has not eliminated the need for a comprehensive safety analysis framework integrating the spatial and statistical queries necessary for engineering, enforcement, or educational improvements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1734-04
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Transferability of Models That Estimate Crashes as a Function of Access Management
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1746, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 14-21
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1746, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 14-21
    Abstract: Access management can improve safety or operations but may reduce accessibility for adjacent residences or businesses, causing conflict between the needs of local and through traffic and resulting in access management decisions being challenged by the public. Accordingly, transportation administrators require assurance regarding the accuracy of projected safety impacts of access management decisions. Several existing mathematical models quantify these impacts for selected access management techniques. Since new models require substantial resources to construct, it is prudent to investigate the extent to which existing models can be applied in other locations. A study of mathematical models that predict the number of crashes that will result as a function of signal spacing, median treatments, unsignalized driveways, and other key variables is reported. The study compared five models using a 10-year set of geometric, operational, and crash data for three case study corridors. The crash-prediction ability of these models was assessed using traffic flow data other than the data set used to construct the models. Because some of the models were not developed for application elsewhere or were intended to be used only with a site-specific adjustment, the error percentages indicate the extent to which the models are transferable, but they do not constitute a critique of the previous research. With no site-specific adjustment, the accuracy of the models ranges from an average error of 34 to a few hundred percent. With simple site-specific adjustments, errors are in the range of 27 to 29 percent. Substantially less effort is required for these site-specific adjustments than would be required to create a new mathematical model. Recommendations were developed for using these models in practice, understanding their limitations, and interpreting their sensitivity to key inputs, data needs, and computational requirements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1746-03
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Precision and Bias of Data from Film
    SAGE Publications ; 1998
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1625, No. 1 ( 1998-01), p. 57-71
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1625, No. 1 ( 1998-01), p. 57-71
    Abstract: An objective of the Long-Term Pavement Performance study is the development of improved pavement design procedures. This objective depends on performance data being collected on present in-service pavements. The primary pavement distress data collection was done by recording 35mm film images at intervals since 1988. Five rounds of images have been collected. The accuracy and repeatability of distress data collection was of concern. The effort to assess the quality of distress data resulting from analysis of 35mm pavement images is reported. A set of 12 pavement sections, including asphalt surface, jointed and continuously reinforced concrete, was digitized three times by 10 operators with various skill levels at intervals of several weeks between passes. The distress analysis was done by using four semiautomated computerized workstations to view a projected image of the pavement on a digitizing tablet with the operator using a cursor to input distress type, severity, and location. A data summary and plot were output from the software. The results of each digitizing pass were used to evaluate the repeatability of the operators, and grouped data were used to evaluate accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1625-08
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Jobs–Housing Balance on Average Jurisdiction Commuting Times : Virginia Macroscopic Analysis
    SAGE Publications ; 2011
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2244, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 18-26
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2244, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 18-26
    Abstract: The Code of Virginia requires that goals relating to jobs-to-housing ratios be considered when projects are selected for the state's transportation program. Because the code does not specify the relative importance of the jobs–housing balance, this paper examines its influence on average jurisdiction commuting times. After regional differences were controlled for, the correlations between shorter commuting times and higher jobs–labor force ratios were from -.71 to -.76 for 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2006 data sets. A 20% increase in the 2000 ratio led to travel times being decreased by 5.3 min (about 18.5% of the statewide average). However, higher ratios may be associated with better transit service or other variables. Correlations alone do not prove causality and are potentially misleading. Consequently, a longitudinal model was developed that predicted changes in commuting time from 1990 to 2000 for each urban Virginia jurisdiction examined. This model estimated that the average impact of a given urban jurisdiction improving its balance by 20% was a reduction in commuting time of 2.2 min (7% of the average urban value). This effect is evident only if several factors, such as the manner in which the region is defined, are carefully controlled for. Otherwise, commuting time is not significantly affected by a change in balance. This finding suggests that the jobs–housing balance has a statistically significant impact on commute-related travel, but that the impact is more modest than a correlation-only analysis would suggest. Modifications necessary to apply this approach at a census tract level of analysis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2244-03
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Centralized and Decentralized Multimodal Statewide Transportation Planning : Survey of States
    SAGE Publications ; 2006
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1981, No. 1 ( 2006-01), p. 60-67
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1981, No. 1 ( 2006-01), p. 60-67
    Abstract: Statewide multimodal transportation planning may be centralized through a single office or decentralized through separate modal agencies (e.g., aviation, transit, highway, port, rail, and toll agencies). To determine the value of each approach, representatives from 41 states were surveyed by questionnaire or telephone about the usefulness of centralized versus decentralized planning. Each approach offers benefits. Centralization provides consistency of modal plans, better modal coordination (including detection of modal conflicts earlier in the process), an ability to examine the entire transportation system holistically, collective attention brought to smaller modes that otherwise might be overlooked, economies of scale for service delivery and employee development, and a greater likelihood that long-range planning will be performed rather than eliminated by more immediate tasks. Decentralization, however, provides greater ease in obtaining modal support for a long-range plan (since the planners and implementers are in the same functional unit), greater ease of tapping mode-specific expertise, and an ability to focus on the most critical mode. External factors that may override the importance of either approach are mode-specific funding requirements, the increasing relevance of metropolitan planning organizations, and the fact that modal location in the same office is not synonymous with coordination. A subset of the free responses to the survey indicated that centralized multimodal planning can be beneficial but only if four constraints are met: modal staff work collaboratively, the centralized unit has funding or other authority, necessary mode-specific planning is not eliminated, and there is a clear linkage between this unit and the agencies that perform mode-specific planning such that the latter can implement the recommendations of the former.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0361198106198100110
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Simulating Automobile Emissions in an Integrated Urban Model
    SAGE Publications ; 1996
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1520, No. 1 ( 1996-01), p. 71-80
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1520, No. 1 ( 1996-01), p. 71-80
    Abstract: The network component of an integrated urban model called IMULATE is interfaced with the MOBILE5.C emissions models. IMULATE produces estimates of traffic flows and average speeds on each link in an urban road network using a user equilibrium assignment algorithm. This information is combined with speed-dependent emissions factors generated by MOBILE5.C to calculate estimates of the three types of emissions on a link-by-link basis. The combined models are implemented for the Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, metropolitan area. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the spatial patterns of emissions in the morning peak period and to demonstrate the impact of congestion on emissions estimates. The incorporation of detailed network performance information yields significant benefits in the estimation of regional automobile emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0361198196152000109
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Safety Effects of Differential Speed Limits on Rural Interstate Highways
    SAGE Publications ; 2003
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1830, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 56-62
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1830, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 56-62
    Abstract: To compare the safety effects of a uniform speed limit (USL) for all vehicles and a differential speed limit (DSL) for cars and heavy trucks, crash, speed, and volume data for rural Interstate highways for the period 1991 through 2000 were obtained from nine states. These states were divided into four policy groups based on the type of speed limit employed during the period: maintenance of a uniform limit only, maintenance of a differential limit only, a change from a uniform to a differential limit, and a change from a differential to a uniform limit. Statistical tests (analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and Dunnett’s test) and the empirical Bayes method were used to study speed and crash rate changes in the four policy groups. The focus here is only on the statistical tests. The safety effects of DSL and USL were not different within the scope of the study. The mean speed, 85th percentile speed, median speed, and crash rates tended to increase over the 10-year period regardless of which type of speed limit was employed. When all sites within a state were analyzed, temporal differences in these variables were often not significant.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1830-08
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Using Simulation to Predict Safety and Operational Impacts of Increasing Traffic Signal Density
    SAGE Publications ; 2002
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1784, No. 1 ( 2002-01), p. 100-107
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1784, No. 1 ( 2002-01), p. 100-107
    Abstract: The use of simulation models to predict the safety and operational impacts of increased traffic signal density in suburban corridors is described. Using 10 years of data from two major arterials in Virginia, actual crash rates were compared with operational performance measures simulated by the Synchro/SimTraffic model. As expected, crash rates were positively correlated with stops and delay per main-line vehicle and negatively correlated with main-line speed. Three findings were significant. First, the correlation between crash rates and performance measures (main-line delay, speed, stops) was relatively strong despite the inherent variability in crash rates: R 2 values ranged from .54 to .89. Second, three distinct regimes relate stops per vehicle to signal density: the installation of the first few signals causes a drastic increase in stops, the addition of the next set of signals causes a moderate increase in stops, and the addition of a third set of signals does not significantly affect the number of stops per vehicle. Third, multiple-regime models also relate total delay per vehicle to signal density. Two practical applications are suggested, one for safety and one for operations. To the extent that these measures correlate with crashes, simulation modeling may be used to estimate safety impacts of increased signals, which is appealing because simulation packages are becoming easier to apply. This safety-oriented endeavor was the primary motivation behind this research. A secondary, operational benefit, however, is that three regime models can suggest when, in the timeline of corridor development, the addition of a traffic signal is likely to degrade corridor performance significantly, thereby allowing decision makers to expend political capital when it is most beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1784-13
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2002
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