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  • Mobility and traffic research  (6)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Statistical Evaluation of Different Sample Sizes for Local Calibration Process in the Highway Safety Manual
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2515, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 94-103
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2515, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 94-103
    Abstract: An approach to determine a statistically reliable sample size for developing local calibration factors (LCFs) was proposed to complement the Highway Safety Manual's (HSM) sampling guidance. The HSM suggests a minimum sample size of 30 to 50 sites per facility type with at least 100 annual crashes. However, the HSM fails to provide clear guidance on how to determine a minimum sample size to ensure the statistical reliability of LCFs. The proposed approach based on the finite population correction (FPC) factor determined minimum sample sizes by considering trade-offs between the desired error levels of the estimated LCFs, confidence levels, and sample standard deviations. The sample sizes by facility types were drawn on the basis of various statistical assumptions; then they were assured by the comparisons between FPC-based samples and the HSM-based samples. LCF values estimated from the HSM-based sample sizes yielded inconsistent reliabilities depending on the facility types. In contrast, those estimated from the samples by the FPC-based approach satisfied the desired reliabilities of the LCFs for all facility types.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2515-13
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 190260-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403378-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optimization Model for Transportation of Container Cargoes considering Short Sea Shipping and External Cost : South Korean Case
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2166, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 99-108
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2166, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 99-108
    Abstract: To alleviate harm to the environment, short sea shipping (SSS) is gaining popularity in transportation policy formulation as an alternative transport mode for ecofriendly and cost-efficient transportation. There have been no studies of how to optimize intermodal container movement incorporating environmental aspects into SSS networks. This paper analyzes an intermodal transportation problem of international container cargoes while incorporating the external costs of the modes into an optimization model in South Korea. The objective of the problem is to minimize the total logistic costs, that is, shipping and land transportation costs, as well as external costs such as air pollutants (particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds) and greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide). The results of the model show a strong foundation for encouraging more environmentally friendly modes, such as SSS and rail, and a well-balanced modal shift if transport policy is formulated in this direction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2166-12
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 190260-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403378-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating Express Train Preference of Urban Railway Passengers Based on Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) using Smart Card Data
    SAGE Publications ; 2021
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2675, No. 11 ( 2021-11), p. 64-76
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2675, No. 11 ( 2021-11), p. 64-76
    Abstract: As the share of public transport increases, the express strategy of the urban railway is regarded as one of the solutions that allow the public transportation system to operate efficiently. It is crucial to express the urban railway’s express strategy to balance a passenger load between the two types of trains, that is, local and express trains. This research aims to estimate passengers’ preference between local and express trains based on a machine learning technique. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is trained to model express train preference using smart card and train log data. The passengers are categorized into four types according to their preference for the local and express trains. The smart card data and train log data of Metro Line 9 in Seoul are combined to generate the individual trip chain alternatives for each passenger. With the dataset, the train preference is estimated by XGBoost, and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) is used to interpret and analyze the importance of individual features. The overall F1 score of the model is estimated to be 0.982. The results of feature analysis show that the total travel time of the local train feature is found to substantially affect the probability of express train preference with a 1.871 SHAP value. As a result, the probability of the express train preference increases with longer total travel time, shorter in-vehicle time, shorter waiting time, and few transfers on the passenger’s route. The model shows notable performance in accuracy and provided an understanding of the estimation results.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03611981211013349
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 190260-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403378-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Results and Lessons from Local Calibration Process of the Highway Safety Manual for the State of Maryland
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2515, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 104-114
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2515, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 104-114
    Abstract: This paper discusses Maryland's experience in developing local calibration factors (LCFs) in the application of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM), which is the required process for adjusting predicted crashes estimated by the HSM's safety performance functions (SPFs) to local jurisdictions. The LCFs for 18 facility types were calculated with data for the period 2008 to 2010. Additional variables were gathered by alternative data collection methods. Because HSM's crash proportion was different from Maryland's, Maryland's crash proportion was used to predict crash frequency and calculate the LCFs. Maryland in general had fewer crashes than predicted crash frequency generated by the HSM's SPFs. The LCFs for 15 of 18 facility types were less than 1.0. In particular, intersection LCFs were extremely low. Because of potential issues with unreported minor and property damage only crashes, the authors recommend using the LCFs for fatal and injury crashes where available. The pairwise comparison of Maryland LCFs with the LCFs of nine case studies showed statistically significant differences between states, providing grounds for jurisdiction-specific LCF development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2515-14
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 190260-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403378-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Travel Costs and Intermodal Distribution in Urban Transportation
    SAGE Publications ; 1998
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1649, No. 1 ( 1998-01), p. 105-112
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1649, No. 1 ( 1998-01), p. 105-112
    Abstract: The free selection of travel between automobile and transit modes results in the individual equilibrium condition, which is not socially optimal. It is shown that shifting travel from cars to transit under most conditions results in travel improvements for both modes. To implement this winwin change, however, it is necessary to decrease the disutility (cost) of travel by transit and increase the disutility of automobile travel. A comparative analysis of travel costs by different modes shows that automobile users pay extremely low out-of-pocket costs, particularly when parking is subsidized (free). Indirect costs and impacts of automobile travel in urban areas are very high, but users do not pay them. This condition of underpriced automobile use results in excessive driving, which causes traffic congestion and has many negative impacts on cities. In many cities, transit improvements or incentives are paralleled by automobile incentives; this represents subsidization of competing services and thus fails to induce modal shift. A shift of travel from cars to transit (and other modes) can best be achieved by car disincentives complemented by transit improvements, so that travelers can change modes rather than reduce essential trips. The mobility of the low-income population can be enhanced when revenue from automobile disincentives is applied to improvements of alternative modes. Measures that reduce subsidies to automobile use and convert them into direct user costs, such as a significant increase in gasoline taxes and a reduction of tax exemptions for many car trips, are both effective and equitable.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1649-13
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 190260-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403378-9
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    User Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for Connected Vehicle Technologies: Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2531, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 54-62
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2531, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 54-62
    Abstract: The preferences of drivers and their willingness to pay (WTP) for connected vehicle (CV) technologies were estimated with the use of adaptive choice-based conjoint (ACBC) analysis, the newest such method available. More than 500 usable surveys were collected through an online survey. Respondents were asked to choose from variously priced CV technology bundles (e.g., collision prevention, roadway information system). The study found that the acceptance level of the CV technologies was high, given that an absolute majority of survey respondents had the highest preferences for the most comprehensive technology bundle in each attribute. However, a comparison of the average importance of each attribute, including bundle prices, implied that price would be an important constraint and would influence CV deployment rates. At the attribute level, collision prevention technology received the highest importance score (i.e., the safety benefits most appealed to drivers). The ACBC analysis seemed to mimic well the trade-offs that people would consider in their actual purchasing decisions. The difference between WTP and self-explicated prices obtained before preferences were estimated was statistically significant (i.e., participants chose bundles after they considered product attributes and prices). This finding also affirmed that the ACBC analysis was a more appropriate method than the direct questioning methods used in past studies. Finally, certain socioeconomic characteristics were positively related to WTP. Those respondents that were knowledgeable about CV technologies and showed more innovativeness had higher WTP as well.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2531-07
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 190260-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403378-9
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