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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing Suitability of Nontraditional Development in Roadside Right-of-Way
    SAGE Publications ; 2014
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2436, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 95-106
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2436, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 95-106
    Abstract: A decision framework was developed for context-sensitive planning in the roadside right-of-way (ROW). The primary component of this framework was a roadside suitability assessment model that supported decisions related to ROW use and development, particularly those that were nontraditional in nature. The model accommodated a broad range of potential types of development while a diverse range of roadside contextual features, including land use (current and future), land cover, environment, natural resources, and plant and animal habitats was considered. The primary function of the model was to identify the areas along a highway corridor that were most (or least) suitable for development in the roadside ROW. After the model parameters were calibrated to satisfy local conditions, a roadside suitability index was computed for each area along the selected corridor with available geospatial data as the primary model inputs. The roadside suitability index provided a relative indication of the overall suitability for a particular development in the roadside ROW. The model was demonstrated with a 20-mile pilot section of I-94 in southwest Michigan. Four types of nontraditional ROW development were considered for implementation along the corridor, including solar panels, wind turbines, agriculture and farming, and green infrastructure (e.g., stream or wetland mitigation). The resultant roadside suitability scores for the pilot corridor generally were consistent with standard considerations for planning land use.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2436-10
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Prediction of Driver Action at Signalized Intersections by Using a Nested Logit Model
    SAGE Publications ; 2014
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2463, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 10-15
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2463, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 10-15
    Abstract: The primary objective of this research was to identify factors that influenced whether a vehicle would stop or proceed through, either legally or illegally, during the yellow indication when the vehicle was approaching a signalized intersection. For this objective to be accomplished, naturalistic driver behavioral data were collected at 72 signalized intersection approaches selected from four regions of the United States. Data were obtained for 6,208 vehicles that were approaching a study intersection during the yellow interval. With these data, a nested logit model was developed to investigate the influence of various factors on the likelihood that a driver approaching a signalized intersection during the yellow interval would stop, would proceed through legally, or would commit red light running (RLR). The nested logit model represented an improvement over prior binary logistic regression models, because it allowed the simultaneous estimation of all three potential driver actions. With the use of this model, RLR was determined to be more likely to occur under the following conditions: (a) the duration of the yellow interval was equal to or less than 4.5 s, (b) the subject vehicle was part of a platoon, (c) the approach speed limit was less than or equal to 40 mph, (d) the subject vehicle was farther from the intersection at the onset of the yellow indication, or (e) the subject vehicle approached at a lower rate of speed. The results may be used to improve the accuracy of algorithms for real-time prediction of RLR, including those used in conjunction with traffic signal phase extension systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2463-02
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 3
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    Disaggregate-Level Assessment of Changes to Michigan's Motorcycle Helmet Use Law : Effects on Motorcyclist Injury Outcomes
    SAGE Publications ; 2014
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2468, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 131-137
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2468, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 131-137
    Abstract: On April 13, 2012, Michigan instituted reforms to its long-standing universal helmet law (UHL) and thus became the 28th state with a partial helmet law, which requires helmet use by only a subset of the riding population. Given continuing increases in motorcycle fatalities, helmet use remains a divisive policy issue facing state governments. The existing research literature includes several before-and-after studies that evaluate the effects of changes in motorcycle helmet laws on metrics such as helmet use and statewide motorcycle fatalities. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effects of helmet use laws on the full range of crash injury outcomes is lacking. Important evidence was added to inform the continuing debate about the efficacy of UHLs. A detailed, disaggregate-level study was conducted to assess the degree of injury severity sustained by motorcyclists involved in crashes before and after Michigan's transition from a UHL to a partial helmet law. By controlling for various rider, roadway, traffic, and weather characteristics, results of the study demonstrate that helmets reduced the probability of fatalities by more than 50%. Injuries tended to be less severe in crashes that involved deer, occurred at lower speeds, or occurred in inclement weather but more severe in high-speed collisions or when drugs and alcohol were involved. The riders who tended to be more susceptible to severe injury were female, younger (age 21 to 30 years), or older (age 51 to 70 years).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2468-15
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effectiveness of Green Warning Lights with Different Flashing Patterns for Winter Maintenance Operations
    SAGE Publications ; 2021
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2675, No. 9 ( 2021-09), p. 1505-1521
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2675, No. 9 ( 2021-09), p. 1505-1521
    Abstract: Snow removal activities are performed by roadway agencies to enhance winter mobility and safety. Slower travel speeds during these operations, combined with low visibility and reduced pavement friction, mean that safety and collision avoidance remain a persistent concern. Many studies have implemented signing and lighting technologies to improve the visibility of snowplows. Although a few studies have evaluated the use of different colors on snowplows, there is no rigorous study that evaluates the potential impacts of using green warning lights for winter maintenance operations. This study, therefore, investigates the impacts of various warning light configurations on the visibility of snowplows, with the focus on green lights. To this end, 37 warning light configurations are designed using various color combinations (green and amber), and flashing patterns (single and quad) on the back (LED), the top (beacon), or both, of snowplows. These configurations are evaluated to identify the most effective configurations. Three sets of experiments are designed and implemented: static, dynamic, and weather to evaluate the visibility effectiveness in different contexts: day versus night, clear versus snowy weather, and static versus dynamic scenarios. Human subjects are employed to conduct the experiments and the test results are evaluated using statistical analyses. The conspicuity during the day time and glare during the night time are statistically different among various configurations. In addition, adding green lights with a single flash pattern to amber warning lights improves the conspicuity, while keeping the glare at an acceptable level relative to configurations using only amber.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03611981211008187
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Safety Performance of Unsignalized Median U-Turn Intersections
    SAGE Publications ; 2022
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2676, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 451-466
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2676, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 451-466
    Abstract: Alternative intersection designs can offer safety and operational benefits with potentially lower costs than conventional intersections when implemented in the proper setting. The Federal Highway Administration has previously identified a subset of alternative designs called reduced left-turn conflict intersections as a proven safety countermeasure. Median U-turn intersections (also known as “Michigan lefts” or “boulevard turnarounds”) are one such design that accommodates all left-turn movements via directional U-turn crossovers within the median. Prior work has consistently shown that median U-turn intersections can provide superior safety performance when used in the appropriate conditions. However, research that is specific to unsignalized reduced left-turn conflict intersections continues to be limited to work conducted before the Highway Safety Manual, or which includes restricted crossing U-turn intersections. This study included the evaluation of historical traffic crashes and volume data at 95 unsignalized intersections in the state of Michigan. This included the collection of data for 39 median U-turn sites and 56 reference group sites to estimate safety performance functions and crash modification factors that can be used when considering future conversions. Ultimately, crash modification factors for fatal and injury crashes of 0.438 and 0.686 are recommended when converting intersections with undivided two-lane two-way major approaches and four-lane divided boulevard major approaches, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in property damage only crashes associated with converting intersections with undivided, two-lane, two-way major approaches, a crash modification factor of 1.325 is recommended for property damage only crashes specific to conversions with four-lane, divided boulevard major approaches.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03611981221086936
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    Evaluation of Enforcement and Messaging Campaign Focused on Reducing Cell Phone-Related Distracted Driving
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2677, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 1741-1752
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2677, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 1741-1752
    Abstract: Cellular telephone use has increased significantly in the United States as 97% of residents now own some type of cell phone. The ubiquity of cell phones has introduced concerns with respect to traffic safety as cell phone-related distractions have been shown to affect driving ability and increase crash risk. Various countermeasures have been implemented to address this issue, including public outreach campaigns and targeted enforcement activities. However, the efficacy of such strategies has been the subject of limited research. This paper examines cell phone use rates in consideration of enforcement activities in conjunction with targeted safety messages on roadside dynamic message signs. Two phases of enforcement were conducted in two urbanized areas of Michigan. Data were collected before, during, and after the enforcement period. A two-way random effects logistic regression model was estimated, and the results showed that cell phone use rates were lower during and, particularly, after the enforcement activities were conducted. Use rates were also found to vary based on age, gender, and race, allowing for the identification of target groups for public awareness and outreach campaigns. Use rates were also lower at freeway exit ramps as compared to signalized and stop-controlled surface street intersections. Lastly, cell phone-specific safety messages were associated with lower use rates compared with other message types, suggesting a potential synergistic effect.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03611981221106163
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 7
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    Effect of Pedestrian Safety Retraining for Elementary and Middle School Students
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2198, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 145-151
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2198, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 145-151
    Abstract: A pedestrian safety educational training program was presented to more than 930 students in Grades 2 through 7 at five public schools in Detroit, Michigan. Initial student training was performed at four of the schools during spring 2008 and at the remaining school during fall 2008. Retraining was performed 7 to 12 months after the initial training. The same training procedures were used during both the initial training and the retraining sessions. The training program was evaluated with the use of both written pre- and posttesting and before-and-after observations of the street-crossing behavior of children near the schools included in the study. Two measures of effectiveness (MOEs) were used for the evaluation: (a) the violation rate for child pedestrians and (b) the percentage of correct test responses. The child pedestrian violation rate decreased shortly after the initial training; this decrease was sustained for several months. Retraining produced an additional incremental decrease in the child pedestrian violation rate. Initial training also produced increases in the percentages of correct responses between the pre- and posttests for children in all participating grade levels. The increases in correct response percentages were partially sustained several months after the initial training, although measurable decreases in test scores were observed. Retraining provided a statistically significant incremental increase in test scores that negated the decreases observed several months after the initial training. The cumulative impact of initial training combined with retraining was consistently larger than the impact of initial training alone for both the testing and the violation rate MOEs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2198-16
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Evaluating Driver Response to a Dynamic Speed Feedback Sign at Rural Highway Curves
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2677, No. 2 ( 2023-02), p. 1103-1114
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2677, No. 2 ( 2023-02), p. 1103-1114
    Abstract: Research was performed to assess the effectiveness of a dynamic speed feedback sign (DSFS) as a speed reduction countermeasure when installed at horizontal curves on rural highways. It was of particular interest to assess whether the DSFS effectiveness varied based on curve advisory speed and to identify the optimal DSFS placement location with respect to the curve. A series of field evaluations were performed at five horizontal curves located along two-lane rural state highways in northern Michigan possessing posted speed limits of 65 mph and curve advisory speeds varying between 25 and 60 mph. The DSFSs were installed and evaluated at two different locations at each curve: 1. at the curve advance warning/advisory speed sign and 2. at the point of curvature. Vehicle speeds were tracked along the approach to each curve using handheld LIDAR guns. The results indicate that the DSFS was generally more effective at reducing motorists’ speeds when installed near the advance curve warning sign. Furthermore, the DSFS was more effective at locations with sharper curvature (i.e., lower advisory speeds). Continued use of DSFSs as a speed reduction countermeasure on rural horizontal curves is recommended, particularly at locations with a significant differential (e.g., at least 25 mph) between the upstream speed limit and the curve advisory speed. The DSFS should be positioned near the advance curve warning/advisory speed sign to provide adequate time for drivers to react and decelerate before reaching the curve.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03611981221112401
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 9
    Online Resource
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    Differences in Nighttime Luminance of Work Zone Drums with and without Steady-Burn Warning Lights
    SAGE Publications ; 2011
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2258, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 16-24
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2258, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 16-24
    Abstract: Research was performed to explore the differences in the nighttime luminance of drums, with and without steady-burn warning lights, that are used in work zones to channelize traffic. Two evaluations were performed: one in the field, which included luminance measurements of 372 drums in 15 freeway work zones throughout Michigan, and another, controlled evaluation, which included luminance measurements of 24 common drum scenarios in a vacant parking lot. Drums with and without steady-burn lights were considered in both evaluations. All luminance measurements were performed from the passenger seat of a vehicle under low-beam headlamp illumination. The results of the controlled evaluation showed that the addition of a steady-burn warning light increased the average luminance of drums with high-intensity sheeting by 0.165 candelas per square meter (cd/m 2 ) (2.6%). The added light increased the average luminance of drums with microprismatic sheeting by 0.50 cd/m 2 (3.9%). Similar results were obtained during the field evaluation. It was concluded that drums with high-intensity sheeting and without steady-burn warning lights typically provided adequate levels of nighttime luminance when viewed from a vehicle under low-beam headlamp illumination. If additional nighttime brightness was desired, however, microprismatic sheeting offered far greater luminance than a steady-burn warning light.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2258-02
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Impact on Driver Behavior of Steady-Burn Warning Lights on Channelizing Drums in Work Zones
    SAGE Publications ; 2011
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2258, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 25-31
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2258, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 25-31
    Abstract: Research was performed to explore the impact on driver behavior of steady-burn warning lights on drums used in highway work zones in the state of Michigan. Various characteristics related to nighttime driver behavior were evaluated with data collected in actual work zones. Thirty-six randomly selected work zones in 15 counties throughout lower Michigan were investigated in this study. Collectively, the work zones represented a broad range of commonly occurring scenarios. Work zones that used drums with steady-burn warning lights and work zones that did not were examined in a comparative parallel study. Data on nighttime driver behavior were collected by recording the movements of randomly selected subject vehicles as they were followed by a survey vehicle through the study work zones. For each subject vehicle, three measures of driver behavior were collected. The measures were (a) percent of time spent in the center lane position, (b) percent of time spent in the lane position closest to the drums, and (c) rate of steering reversals per minute. The data were compared by using analysis of variance techniques. The results showed that the presence of steady-burn warning lights on drums used to channelize traffic in work zones did not significantly affect either the time vehicles spent in the center lane position or the rate of steering reversals. The presence of steady-burn warning lights did, however, increase the tendency of drivers to travel in relatively close proximity to the drums. Collectively, the research findings suggest that the use of steady-burn warning lights on channelizing drums in work zones does not have a substantive impact on nighttime driver behavior.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2258-03
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2011
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